module 12

Question 1

functional genomics

Answer 1

to elucidate the roles of genetic sequences in a given species –> aims to understand gene function

Question 2

proteome

Answer 2

the entire collection of proteins that an organism can make

Question 3

proteomics

Answer 3

to understand the functional roles of the proteins of a species

Question 4

bioinformatics

Answer 4

the analysis of biological information using a mathematical/computational approach

Question 5

DNA microarrays

Answer 5

makes it possible to monitor thousands of genes simultaneously

Question 6

RNA-Seq

Answer 6

used to study the simultaneous transcription of many genes

Question 7

transcriptomes

Answer 7

the set of all RNA molecules

Question 8

gene knockout collections

Answer 8

allows researchers to study gene function at the genomic level

Question 9

Three general principles of ID strategies

Answer 9

1) locate specialized sequences within a very long sequence
2) locate an organization of sequences or sequence elements
3) locate a pattern of sequences

Question 10

gene prediction

Answer 10

the process of identifying regions of genomic DNA that codes genes

Question 11

Open reading frame

Answer 11

a nucleotide sequence that does not contain any stop codons

Question 12

homology

Answer 12

similarities among species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor

Question 13

orthologs

Answer 13

homologous genes in different species

Question 14

paralogs

Answer 14

homologous genes found in a single organism

Question 15

Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST)

Answer 15

finds the number of times that the match or a better one would be expected to occur purely by random chance in the entire database

Question 16

conserved site

Answer 16

a site that is identical or similar across multiple homologs

Question 17

concordance

Answer 17

the percentage of twin pairs in which both twins exhibit the disorder or trait

Question 18

haploinsufficiency

Answer 18

the heterozygote has 50% of the functional protein, not sufficient for normal phenotype

Question 19

gain of function mutation

Answer 19

mutation changes protein so it gains a new function

Question 20

dominant negative mutation

Answer 20

the mutant gene product acts antagonistically to the wild-type gene product

Question 21

single-nucleotide polymorphisms

Answer 21

variation at a single bp in the genome

Question 22

microsatellites

Answer 22

variation in the length of short, repetitive sequences

Question 22

haplotype

Answer 22

refers to the linkage of alleles or molecular markers on a single chromosome

Question 22

linkage disequilibrium

Answer 22

an individual carrying a mutant allele is more likely to carry a certain marker than by what would be expected for random chance

Question 23

genome-wide association study (GWAS)

Answer 23

analyzes a genome-wide set of genetic variants to see if any variant is associated with a disease or other trait

Question 24

clonal

Answer 24

cancer originating in a single cell

Question 25

malignant

Answer 25

cancerous cell growth

Question 26

invasive

Answer 26

cancer cells can invade healthy tissues

Question 27

metastatic

Answer 27

cancer cells can migrate to other parts of the body

Question 28

oncogene

Answer 28

a mutant gene that is over expressed and contributes to cancerous growth –> gain of function mutation

Question 29

tumor-suppressor gene

Answer 29

gene that prevents cancer, if a loss of function mutation occurs in this gene –> cancerous growth will occur

Question 30

proto-oncogenes

Answer 30

normal cellular genes that can be mutated to become an oncogene –> gain of function mutation

Question 31

apoptosis

Answer 31

programmed cell death

Question 32

caspases

Answer 32

digests selected cellular protiens

Question 33

correlation coefficient

Answer 33

compares two variables to see if there are related to each other