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Animals in the Environment > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

Pets, Farming Systems, and Animal Welfare in New Zealand 

1
Q

What is One Health?

A

“One Health” refers to an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human health, animal health, and the environment.

  • its a framework that focuses largely on tackling infectious diseases
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1
Q

How do MPI surveillance programs contribute to maintaining the safety of New Zealand exports?

A

MPI surveillance programs primarily monitor and watch for any abnormalities related to biosecurity risks in the environment and agricultural settings

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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms causing diseases in people, plants, or animals

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3
Q

What happens if there is a biosecurity failure?

A

Leads to economic risks, limits market access, and harms ecosystems

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4
Q

What is Foot and Mouth disease?

A

Highly contagious viral infection affecting cloven-hooved animals

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5
Q

What is Mycoplasma bovis?

A

Infectious disease in cattle causing mastitis, abortion, and pneumonia

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6
Q

Babesia gibsoni

A

Tick-borne parasite causing red blood cell rupture in dogs

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7
Q

What are some on-farm biosecurity measures?

A

Focus on health, hygiene, pest control, and livestock health status

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8
Q

How many sustainable development goals are there?

A

17 -interlinked global goals designed to be a “blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all”

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9
Q

What are the names for cattle?

A

Entire male name -Bull
Castrated male - Steer
Mature female - Cow
Young female - Heifer
Offspring - Calf

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10
Q

What are the names for sheep?

A

Entire male name - Ram
Castrated male - Wether
Mature female - Ewe
Young female - Hogget
Offspring - Lamb

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11
Q

What are the male names for goats?

A

Entire male name - Buck/billy
Castrated name - Wether
Mature female - Doe/Nanny
Young female - Doeling
Offspring - Kid

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12
Q

What are the names for deer?

A

Entire male name - Stag/buck
Castrated name - Havier
Mature female - Hind/doe
Young female - Yearling
Offspring - Fawn/kid/calf

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13
Q

What are the names for pigs?

A

Entire male name - Boar
Castrated name - Barrow
Mature female - Sow
Young female - Gilt
Offspring - Piglet

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14
Q

What are the names for horses?

A

Entire male name - Stallion
Castrated name - Gelding
Mature female - Mare
Young female - Filly
Offspring - Foal

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15
Q

What are the names for chickens?

A

Entire male name - Rooster
Castrated male - Capon
Mature female - Hen
Young female - Pullet
Offspring - Chick

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16
Q

How do measurements of pre-grazing pasture mass inform grazing decisions on farms?

A

Pre-grazing pasture mass measurements indicate the amount of forage available in a pasture before grazing. This information helps farmers determine when to move livestock to fresh paddocks to ensure adequate forage availability and prevent overgrazing.

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17
Q

What is post-grazing pasture mass, and how is it used in grazing management?

A

Post-grazing pasture mass refers to the residual forage mass remaining after grazing. Monitoring post-grazing pasture mass helps farmers assess grazing intensity and adjust stocking rates accordingly to maintain pasture health and productivity.

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18
Q

Why is knowledge of pasture mass targets important in pasture-based production systems?

A

Pasture mass targets are predetermined levels of pasture mass that farmers aim to achieve to optimize livestock performance and pasture persistence. Understanding these targets guides grazing management decisions, such as timing and duration of grazing rotations, to maintain pasture health and sustainability throughout the seasonal cycle.

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19
Q

What factors influence the seasonal pattern of grass growth in New Zealand?

A

influenced by factors such as temperature, rainfall, soil fertility, and daylight hours.

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20
Q

What are the key differences between animal ethics, animal welfare, and animal rights?

A

Animal ethics pertains to the moral principles guiding human behaviour towards animals, while animal welfare focuses on the well-being and treatment of animals, and animal rights advocate for the legal protection of animals’ interests, akin to those of humans.

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21
Q

What are the three related elements of “One Health”?

A

Human health, animal health, and environmental health.

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22
Q

What factors affect the emergence and spread of infectious diseases?

A

Factors include population growth and urbanization, globalization and travel, agricultural practices, environmental changes, antimicrobial resistance, and socioeconomic factors.

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23
Q

What is a zoonotic disease?

A

A zoonotic disease is a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

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24
Q

List 5 zoonotic diseases on New Zealand’s List of Notifiable Infectious Diseases

A

Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), Leptospirosis, Avian influenza, Rabies, and Brucellosis, Foot and Mouth disease

add if needed!!

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25
Q

What is New Zealand’s leading foodborne illness and its common routes of infection?

A

Campylobacteriosis: Common routes of infection include consumption of contaminated food or water, unpasteurized dairy products, and contact with infected animals or their environment.

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26
Q

What proportion of human infectious diseases originate in animals?

A

Approximately 60% of human infectious diseases originate in animals.

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27
Q

What is the definition of biosecurity?

A

Biosecurity refers to measures aimed at preventing the introduction, establishment, and spread of harmful organisms, such as pests, diseases, and pathogens, into a particular area or among a population

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28
Q

Who is responsible for managing biosecurity in New Zealand, and why is it important?

A

MPI (Ministry for Primary Industries).

It is important because New Zealand’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, and the introduction of pests and diseases could have devastating effects on these industries.

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29
Q

Can you describe an example of a New Zealand biosecurity risk?

A

One example of a biosecurity risk in New Zealand is the introduction of the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), which could severely damage horticultural crops such as kiwifruit, apples, and grapes if it were to establish itself in the country.

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30
Q

Describe an example of a New Zealand biosecurity failure

A

An example of a biosecurity failure in New Zealand is the arrival and establishment of the varroa mite, which has had significant negative impacts on the country’s honeybee populations and honey production.

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31
Q

List and briefly describe the purpose of four on-farm biosecurity measures.

A

Restricted access: Limiting access to farms to only essential personnel reduces the risk of introducing diseases.

Quarantine protocols: Isolating and testing new animals before introducing them to the farm helps prevent the spread of diseases.

Cleaning and disinfection: Regular cleaning and disinfection of equipment and facilities reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Disease surveillance: Monitoring animals for signs of illness helps detect and control outbreaks early.

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32
Q

Define the term ‘food security’.

A

Food security refers to the condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life.

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33
Q

Discuss what is meant by the term ‘water security’

A

Water security refers to the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems, and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks.

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34
Q

What is the most common threat to water security?

A

Pollution, which can come from various sources such as industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal.

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35
Q

Discuss the impact population growth over the next 50 years will have on food production.

A

Population growth over the next 50 years will put pressure on food production systems to increase output in order to meet the growing demand for food. This will require innovations in agriculture, such as improved crop varieties, sustainable farming practices, and efficient use of resources.

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36
Q

Agriculture accounts for what percentage of global freshwater withdrawals?

A

Approximately 70%

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37
Q

What global region is the largest meat producer?

A

Asia

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38
Q

Globally, what type of meat is the most popular/most consumed?

A

Pork

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39
Q

What percentage of global habitable land is used for agriculture?

A

Approx 38%

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40
Q

What are the top two contributors to New Zealand’s primary industries export revenue?

A

The top two contributors to New Zealand’s primary industries export revenue are dairy products and meat

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41
Q

What proportion of New Zealand households own at least one pet?

A

Approx. 68%

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42
Q

List the top four most common pets in NZ.

A

cats, dogs, fish, and birds.

43
Q

What is meant by the term anthropomorphism?

A

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to animals or non-human entities.

44
Q

List four common reasons for owning a pet.

A

Companionship, security, stress reduction, and recreation

45
Q

List four common negative aspects of, or barriers to, pet ownership.

A

Financial costs, time commitment, allergies, and housing restrictions

46
Q
A
47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: In New Zealand, pet dogs must be registered and microchipped.

A

TRUE. In New Zealand, pet dogs must be registered and microchipped by the age of three months.

48
Q

Are animals used in research, testing, and teaching covered under New Zealand’s Animal Welfare Act 1999

A

Yes

49
Q

Why are sheep the most common animal used for research and teaching in New Zealand?

A

Because of their physiological similarities to humans and their adaptability to various experimental conditions.

50
Q

Why are live birds not allowed to be imported into New Zealand?

A

to prevent the introduction of avian diseases such as avian influenza.

51
Q

Define animal ethics.

A

Animal ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide human behavior toward animals, including considerations of their well-being, rights, and treatment.

52
Q

Define animal welfare.

A

Animal welfare refers to the physical and psychological well-being of animals, encompassing their health, comfort, behavior, and ability to express natural behaviors.

53
Q

Define animal rights.

A

Animal rights is a philosophical perspective that asserts that animals have inherent rights, similar to human rights, and should not be exploited or subjected to unnecessary suffering by humans.

54
Q

List four key points from New Zealand’s Animal Welfare Act 1999.

A
  1. Prohibition of unnecessary or unreasonable pain or distress to animals.
  2. Obligation of owners and persons in charge of animals to provide for their physical, health, and behavioral needs.
  3. Regulation of activities involving animals to ensure their welfare.
  4. Establishment of the National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) to provide advice on animal welfare matters.
55
Q

Define what is meant by the ‘physical, health, and behavioral needs’ of animals as stated in New Zealand’s Animal Welfare Act 1999.

A

the requirements for proper nutrition, access to clean water, appropriate shelter and living conditions, veterinary care when needed, and the ability to express natural behaviors.

56
Q

List the five areas of information provided in New Zealand’s Codes of Welfare in relation to provision of minimum animal welfare standards.

A

Physical health and behavioral needs of animals.

The responsibilities of persons in charge of animals.

Requirements for housing, management, and husbandry practices.

Procedures for dealing with pain, injury, and disease.

Methods for ensuring the humane treatment of animals during handling, transportation, and slaughter.

57
Q

List and briefly describe three New Zealand animal welfare issues.

A

The treatment of bobby calves in the dairy industry, which involves the separation of newborn calves from their mothers shortly after birth.

The welfare of animals in intensive farming systems, such as pigs and poultry raised in confined environments.

The management of invasive species and pest control methods that may cause suffering to animals.

58
Q

Define what is meant by “intensive livestock production”.

A

refers to a farming system in which a high density of animals is raised in a confined area, often with the use of intensive management practices and technological inputs to maximize production efficiency.

59
Q

Define what is meant by “extensive livestock production”.

A

refers to a farming system in which animals are raised in open or semi-open environments with minimal intervention, relying on natural forage and grazing land for feed.

60
Q

What type of climate does New Zealand have? Discuss the influence New Zealand’s climate has on its sheep and cattle production systems.

A

New Zealand has a temperate maritime climate, characterized by mild temperatures, moderate rainfall, and relatively consistent weather patterns. This climate is favorable for grass growth, making New Zealand well-suited for sheep and cattle production systems based on pasture grazing.

61
Q

Describe pig production systems currently used in New Zealand.

A

Pig production systems in New Zealand include both intensive indoor systems and extensive outdoor systems. Intensive systems often involve pigs housed in climate-controlled buildings with slatted floors, while extensive systems allow pigs access to outdoor areas for grazing and rooting.

62
Q

Describe poultry production systems currently used in New Zealand.

A

Free-range and intensive confinement systems.

Free-range systems allow birds outdoor access to roam and forage, while intensive systems keep birds confined indoors with controlled environments and automated feeding systems.

63
Q

What type of livestock are typically farmed on New Zealand hill country farmland?

A

Sheep - due to their ability to graze on steep and rugged terrain efficiently

64
Q

List the two most common breeds of beef cattle farmed in New Zealand.

A

Angus and Hereford

65
Q

List the two most common breeds of sheep farmed in New Zealand.

A

Romney and Merino

66
Q

Discuss three challenges facing future farming systems.

A

Climate change and its impact on weather patterns, water availability, and crop yields.

Limited natural resources such as land and water, which must be managed sustainably to meet growing food demands.

Environmental degradation caused by agricultural practices, including soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.

67
Q

How are we going to increase livestock production to meet future demands?

A

can be increased through advancements in breeding and genetics to improve animal health and productivity, adoption of sustainable farming practices to maximize efficiency and minimize resource use, and investment in research and technology to enhance feed efficiency and disease management.

68
Q

List three areas where improvement to livestock production can be made.

A

Animal health and welfare: Implementing disease prevention measures and providing optimal living conditions for animals.

Feed efficiency: Enhancing feed formulations and management practices to optimize nutrient utilization and reduce environmental impacts.

Genetic selection: Breeding animals for desirable traits such as growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, and resistance to diseases.

69
Q

What percentage of the global dietary protein supply comes from meat and dairy products?

A

Meat and dairy products contribute approximately 30-35% of the global dietary protein supply.

70
Q

Globally, approximately how many animals are currently slaughtered each year for meat?

A

approximately 70-80 billion land animals

71
Q

What is a bobby calf?

A

A bobby calf is a young calf, usually a male dairy calf, that is slaughtered for veal within a few days to weeks of birth.

72
Q

What is the minimum age bobby calves must be before being transported off-farm?

A

In New Zealand, bobby calves must be at least four days old before being transported off-farm for slaughter.

73
Q

What are the two humane methods of slaughter currently used for the destruction of male layer chicks?

A

gas euthanasia and maceration (instantaneous mechanical destruction)

74
Q

Temperature and rainfall are the two primary drivers of which pasture trait?

A

Growth rate

75
Q

In New Zealand, the Ministry of Health lists Cholera, Legionellosis, Malaria and Yellow fever as what type of infectious diseases?

A

Notifiable diseases.

This is a disease, that when diagnosed, requires health provides (usually by law) to report to state or local public health officials

76
Q

What is extensive livestock production?

A

A system of farming that uses small amounts of labour and capital relative to land area

77
Q

What percentage of New Zealand commercial layer farms are free-range operations?

A

10-15%

78
Q

What is a young female sheep called?

A

A hogget

79
Q

Globally, what type of meat is most popular or consumed?

A

Pork

80
Q

In New Zealand, DairyNZ describes 5 categories of dairy farms based largely on which of the following criteria?

A

The percentage of feed imported

81
Q

‘how animals experience life and whether or not this experience is good’ is defined by:

A

Animal welfare

82
Q

What defines biosecurity

A

The protection of an environment from biological threats

83
Q

In the Predator Free 2050 plan, New Zealand is aiming to be free of which pest species?

A

Possums, rats and stoats

84
Q

What proportion of human infectious diseases originate in animals?

A

65%

85
Q

In New Zealand, when do feed gaps (pasture deficits) typically occur?

A

Summer and winter

86
Q

What are the top 3 contributors to New Zealand’s primary industries export revenue?

A

Dairy, meat, and wool

87
Q

What is New Zealand’s leading food borne illness and most common route of transmission?

A

Campylobacteriosis and contaminated meat consumption

88
Q

Study the five options listed below and count up all of the options that could be considered on-farm biosecurity measures. What is the total number?

Cleaning footwear and vehicles
Pest control
Using separate equipment for sick animals
Fence maintenance
Parking visitor vehicles in a designated area

A

All 5

89
Q

What occurs as grass goes from vegetative to reproductive?

A

The fibre content increases.

90
Q

What percentage of New Zealand households own a pet?

A

64%

91
Q

What could be considered a sustainable method to increase livestock production in order to meet future food demands?

A

Increase the animal growth rates

92
Q

New Zealand has strict pet import regulations to protect the local flora and fauna from exotic diseases. What is a significant import ban from a biosecurity perspective?

A

Birds

93
Q

Greenhouse gas emissions are largely composed of which gases?

A

Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide

94
Q

Which of the following animals is most commonly used in research and teaching in New Zealand?

A

Sheep

95
Q

What is the primary method of euthanasia used for chick disposal in New Zealand?

A

Maceration

96
Q

New Zealand grazing pasture is dominated by which two plant species?

A

Perennial ryegrass and white clover

97
Q

A reprint of the New Zealand Animal Welfare Act stating that animals are ‘sentient’ happened in what year?

A

2015

98
Q

New Zealand’s pastoral livestock production systems typically have animals giving birth to their offspring in spring.
What is the reason for this?

A

To match pasture supply with peak animal energy demand

99
Q

Which of the following organisations is responsible for the development of animal welfare policy in New Zealand?

A

MPI

100
Q

Energy requirements of ruminant livestock are highest for which of the following?

A

An animal in late pregnancy?? - fact check this

101
Q

Which of the following documents provides details on the minimum standards for specific species and situations within the Animal Welfare Act 1999?

A

Code of Welfare

102
Q

In which season or seasons is the rate of New Zealand grass growth typically lowest?

A

Winter

103
Q

Intake of grazing animals can be assessed by monitoring which of the following?

A

Pre- and post-grazing pasture covers

104
Q

Which of the following was the first global agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity?

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

105
Q
A

Animals in the Environment (8 decks)

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