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Animals in the Environment > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three Domains of Life?

A
  • Domain Eukarya
  • Domain Archaea
  • Domain Bacteria
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2
Q

What are the fundamental features of Bacteria and Archaea?

A
  • Both prokaryotes
  • lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • very small, single cell organisms (microbes)
  • typically have a single circular chromosome
  • can be found in various environments with extreme conditions
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3
Q

What are the fundamental differences between prokaryote and eukaryote cells?

A

Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound nucleus, while eukaryotes have a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler in structure compared to eukaryotic cells.

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4
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

An organism that does not need to consume another organism to exist - takes inorganic compounds and turns them into organic matter

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5
Q

Defining characteristics of Plants:

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • photosynthetic
  • autotrophs
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6
Q

Defining characteristics of Fungi:

A
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs (feed by absorbing nutrients from the environment)
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7
Q

Defining characteristics of Sponges:

A

-lack true tissues
- filter feeders
- are sedentary (sessile)
- lack a nervous system
- body is supported by a skeleton of needle-like spicules, or spongin

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8
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Organisms that cannot produce their own food but obtain energy/food from organic substances (mainly fungi, animals and human).

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9
Q

Define Diploblastic

A

Organism that has two embryonic cell layers.
Ectoderm and Endoderm

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10
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Cnidarians?

A
  • radically symmetrical
  • diploblastic
  • sessile and motile forms
  • gastrovascular cavity
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11
Q

Approximately how long has life existed on Earth?

A

about 3.7 billion years

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12
Q

Are the vast majority of eukaryotes larger or smaller than prokaryotes?

A

Larger.

Eukaryotes = 10-100 millimetres
Prokaryotes = 1-10 millimetres

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13
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Bilaterians?

A
  • bilateral symmetry - a dorsal(top) and a ventral (bottom) side. An anterior (front) and posterior (back) ends. A right and left side.
  • triploblastic development
  • Alimentary canal
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14
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

When the right and left sides of an item are mirror images of one another.

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15
Q

What subclades does Bilateria have within it?

A

Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, and Deuterostomia

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16
Q

What does triploblastic mean?

A

Three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm),includes all multicellular animals except sponges and coelenterates.

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17
Q

Define the three germ layers

A

Ectoderm - germ layer covering the embryo’s surface. It forms epidermis (skin), nervous system, lens of eye, and in mammals, hair and mammary glands.

Endoderm - innermost germ layer that lines the gut.
This forms the epithelia lining of the digestive tract, intestines, colon, pancreas, stomach, liver, lungs, and urinary bladder.

Mesoderm - middle third germ layer, present in all Bilateria. In acoelomates it lies between endoderm and ectoderm, and in coelomates it lies between the coelom and the ectoderm.
This becomes skeletal muscle, skeleton, the underside of your skin (dermis), connective tissue, urogenital system, heart, blood, kidneys, and spleen.

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18
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Lophotrochozoans?

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • three germ layers
  • alimentary canal
  • crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding - called lophophore.
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19
Q

What does acoelomate mean?
Give an example.

A

An organism that lacks a body cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. They have a flattened body, only a few cells thick - resulting in a high surface to volume ratio. This allows them to directly exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with their environment.

An example includes a flatworm - they lack a body cavity, meaning that their mouth is also their anus (gastrovascular cavity).

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20
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Platyhelminthes?
Name the two major groups of parasitic flatworms.

A
  • triploblastic
  • acoelomate
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • free living or parasites.
  • has a soft covering

Trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms).

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21
Q

What is the order of classification?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

(Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup)

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22
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Molluscs?

A
  • coelomates
  • soft bodies - with hard shell made of calcium carbonate
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23
Q

What is the body structure of a Mollusc?

A
  • muscular foot
  • visceral mass
  • mantle

Many molluscs also have a water -filled mantle cavity and feed using a strap -like radula

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24
Q

What are the four classes of Mollusc?

A

Polyplacophora (chitons)
Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
Bivalvia (clams, oysters etc)
Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish etc )

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25
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Annelids?

A
  • coelomates
  • segmented body
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26
Q

What are the two clades of Annelids?

A

Sedetarians (leeches and earthworms)
- burrow in substrate, or live in protective tubes
- elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding

Errantians
mobile predators or grazers - they have jaws that bite

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27
Q

What is gastrulation?

A
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28
Q

What is the difference between sessile and motile?

A

Sessile = when an organism is attached to a substrate and does not move

Motile = an organism that is able to move itself

29
Q

What are nematocysts?

A

Specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread. This is for protection/predation

30
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

The process of moulting a tough external coat (cuticle) as they grow. It is a distinguishing feature of the clade Ecdysozoa.

31
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Nematoda?

A
  • non-segmented
  • covered in tough cuticle, which they moult to grow
  • alimentary canal
  • only longitudinal muscles
  • are pseudocoelomate, meaning that they have a body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm
  • are cylindrical and tapered
  • their sexes are usually separate
32
Q

What are the two phylum from Ecdysozoa?

A

Nematoda and Arthropoda

33
Q

What is tagmosis and metamerism?

A

Tagmosis = body is divided into different regions that have different functions
Metamerism = segmented body with little differentiation of regions on the body

34
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Arthropoda?

A
  • segmented body
  • jointed limbs
  • waterproof exoskeleton
35
Q

What are some features that have contributed to the success of Arthropods?

A

Jointed legs - allow more mobility on land
Hard exoskeleton made of chitin - protects the body

36
Q

What are the three characteristics that distinguish a protostome and deuterostome

A

Cleavage, coelom formation, and fate of blastopore.

37
Q

What are the cleavage differences between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostome - the cleavage is spiral and determinate, meaning that the fate of the cells are determined immediately

Deuterostome - the cleavage is radial and indeterminate, meaning that the fate of the cells is fixed later.

38
Q

What are the differences in coelom formation between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes - the mesoderm splits, forming a coelom

Deuterostome - the folds of archenteron made from mesoderm form the coelom

39
Q

What are the differences of blastopore between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes - the mouth arises from the blastopore

Deuterostome - the mouth arises from a new opening, while the anus forms from either near/or the blastopore

40
Q

What are the scientific and common names of the five extant clades of Echinoderms?

A

Asteroidea - sea stars and sea daisies
Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
Echinoidea - sea urchins and sand dollars
Crinoidea - sea lilies and feather stars
Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers

41
Q

How do sea stars move?

A
  • The water vascular system

Suction-bottomed tubes that the sea star uses to move about. It draws in water and channels it to canals that run throughout its body, usually ending in the tube feet. By changing the pressure of water in its body, the sea star can move the tubed feet, and thus move forward.

42
Q

What is the Water vascular system, and which phylum uses it?

A

It is a hydraulic system used by Echinoderms for locomotion, food and waste transportation, and respiration

43
Q

What animals are in Asteroidea?

A

Sea stars and sea daisies

44
Q

What are the four key characteristics of Chordates?

A
  • Notochord (long flexible rod between digestive tube and nerve cord - allows movement)
  • Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  • pharyngeal slits or clefts (grooves that open to the outside of the body)
  • muscular, post anal tail (provides a propelling force)
45
Q

What is a notochord?

A

The notochord is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and the nerve cord.
It provides skeletal support.

46
Q

Define Vertebrate

A

Animals that have a backbone

47
Q

What are the major differences between hagfishes and lampreys?

A

Lampreys are true vertebrates, while hagfishes are not.

48
Q

Define gnathostome, and give some examples.

A

Vertebrates that have jaws.

ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles (including birds), and mammals.

49
Q

What species are in Myxini?

A

Hagfishes

50
Q

What species are in Petromyzontida?

A

Lampreys

51
Q

Explain the functioning of the excretory system of an earthworm

A
52
Q

What are synapsids and diapsids present in?

A

Reptiles and birds

53
Q

What are the three groups in Amphibians?

A
  1. salamanders
  2. frogs
  3. caecilians
54
Q

What are the defining characteristics of Tetrapods?

A
  • four limbs with digits
  • a neck and shoulder to allow movement of the head
  • fusion of the pelvic gridle to the backbone
  • absence of gills
  • ears for detecting airborne sounds
55
Q

What are the derived features of birds?

A

-feathers evolved in dinosaurs before birds existed
- they evolved from Saurischian theropod dinosaurs
- birds are defined by feathers - a characteristic that facilitates flight
- powered flight began in the Archeopteryx

56
Q

How does the anatomy of birds allow them to fly?

A

saving weight by the absence of:
- no urinary bladder
- one ovary and oviduct (each on the left)
- gonads regress after breeding
- toothless (makes the skull lighter and keeps the body balanced)

57
Q

How does a bird fly?

A

The pectoralis muscles pulls wing down. Fighting the force of gravity. Supracoracoideus muscle raises wing up. Coracoid bone is a brace between shoulder and keel. Both these muscles are under the wing.

58
Q

How do avian species respirate?

A

They have a one-way airflow system through the lungs.
First inhalation - posterior sacs contract, pushing air into lungs
First exhalation - posterior air sacs contract, pushing air into lungs
Second inhalation - air passes through lungs and fills anterior air sacs
Second exhalation - as anterior air sacs contract, air that entered the body at first inhalation is pushed out of the body

59
Q

What is tidal ventilation?

A

when the external medium moves in and out of respiratory system in a back and forth movement.

60
Q
A
61
Q

What are the derived features of mammals?

A
  • Mammary glands (milk)
  • Hair/fur (insulation)
  • large brain
  • four chambered heart
  • specialised teeth
62
Q

What are the three lineages of mammals?

A

monotremes, marsupials, and eutherians

63
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Egg laying mammals that lack nipples, meaning that their milk is secreted from glands on their belly.
Examples include platypus and echidnas

64
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Pouched mammals that are born early, and complete their development in the marsupium (pouch). They have nipples that produce milk, and have higher metabolisms.

65
Q

What are eutherians?

A

Placental mammals - that have more complex placentas that the marsupials. The young complete their development in the utero via the placenta that links the embryo to the mother. The vast majority of mammals are eutharians.

66
Q

What are the derived features of humans?

A
  • upright posture and bipedal locomotion
  • larger brains - capable of languafe, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of tools
  • reduces jawbones and jaw muscles
  • shorter digestive tract
67
Q

What is Metanephridia (earthworms)

A

Type of excretory system that consists of tubular excretory organs that collect fluid from the adjacent anterior segment via a ciliated funnel. They open to the outside via a small pore. A transport epithelium between the collecting tubule and the capillaries reabsorb most solutes and return them to the blood in the capillaries, leaving behind a dilute urine that is expelled via the external opening.

68
Q

What is Protonephridia (planarians/flatworms)

A

Type of excretory system that consists of a network of dead-ended tubules that branch throughout the body. Ciliated ‘flame cells’ draw water and solutes from the interstitial fluid and propel it into the tubular network that opens to the outside of the worm

Animals in the Environment (8 decks)

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