Module 6 Flashcards
Which of the following curvatures of the spinal column are considered primary curvatures? Select all that apply.
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Thoracic
Sacral
Explanation
The thoracic and sacral curvatures are considered primary curvatures- as they develop during the fetal period and are retained throughout life. Cervical and lumbar curvatures don’t become apparent until after birth and are considered secondary curvatures; the cervical curvatures become more prominent as the infant begins to hold the head up and the lumbar curvature becomes more obvious as the infant begins to assume the upright posture.
An abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature is called a scoliosis.
True
False
False
Explanation
Excessive curvature of the thoracic spine is called a* kyphosis*; scoliosis is a lateral curvature & rotation of the spine.
True or False: Thoracic vertebrae are the only vertebrae that contain transverse costal facets for articulation with ribs.
True
Which of the following landmark is a unique feature of lumbar vertebrae?
Body
Mammillary processes
Transverse processes
Spinous process
Mammillary Processes
Which of the following crests of the posterior sacrum is formed by the fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae?
Lateral Crest
Median Crest
Intermediate Crest
Median Crest
Which of the following ligaments provides stability to the intervertebral joints and limits extension of the spine?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligamentum Flava
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Which of the following muscles of the back are considered extrinsic muscles of the back located in the intermediate layer.
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Serratus posterior superior & inferior
Serratus posterior superior & inferior
Which group of muscles are considered intrinsic muscles of the back located in the intermediate layer?
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Erector spinae
Transverseospinalis group
Erector Spinae
Which muscles make up the erector spinae? Select all that apply
Spinalis
Semispinalis
Longissimus
Multifidus
Iliocostalis
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
True or False: The erector spinae is considered the primary extensor of the spine
True
Select all of the arteries that help to provide blood to the muscles of the back
Occipital arteries
Branches of the subclavian arteries
Internal carotid arteries
Branches of the thoracic aorta
Branches of the abdominal aorta
Occipital arteries
Branches of the subclavian arteries
Branches of the thoracic aorta
Branches of the abdominal aorta
Explanation:
The blood supply to muscles of the back region & vertebral column arise from branches of the external carotid (occipital artery) & subclavian arteries, & the thoracic (descending aorta) & abdominal aorta.
Which of the following are parts of the landmarks of the sternum? Select all that apply.
Manubrium
Head
Xiphoid Process
Suprasternal Notch
Tubercle
Manubrium
Xiphoid Process
Suprasternal (jugualr) notch
Which of the following structures articulate to form the costovertebral joints?
The head of a rib and the thoracic vertebra of the same numbered rib and the vertebra inferior to it.
The head of a rib and the thoracic vertebra of the same numbered rib and the vertebra superior to it.
The tubercle of the rib with the transverse process of the same numbered thoracic vertebra.
The head of a rib and the thoracic vertebra of the same numbered rib and the vertebra superior to it.
Explanation
Costovertebral joints are formed by the articulations between the head of the rib and the thoracic vertebra of the same # rib and the vertebra superior to it, with the exceptions of ribs 1, 11, & 12 which articulate with only the same # thoracic vertebra. Costotransverse joints are formed by articulation of the tubercle of the rib with the transverse process of the same # thoracic vertebra.
Which of the following ligaments strengthens the joint capsule of the costotransverse joints? Select all that apply.
Radiate ligament
Superior costotransverse ligament
Lateral costotransverse ligament
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Superior costotransverse ligament
Lateral costotransverse ligament
Which of the following muscles are NOT contained in the intercostal space? Select all that apply
External intercostal
Transversus thoracic
Serratus posterior inferior
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Transverse thoracic
Serratus posterior inferior
Which of the following muscles primary action is to depress the ribs?
Serratus posterior inferior
Serratus posterior superior
External intercostal
Serratus posterior inferior
Explanation
Serratus posterior inferior depresses the ribs, while the serratus posterior superior and the external intercostals will elevate the ribs
During inspiration and expiration which muscle will descend and ascend, respectively to alter the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cage?
Diaphragm
Muscles of the intercostal space
Serratus posterior superior and inferior
Diaphragm
Explanation
The diaphragm is the muscle responsible for changing the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cage, while the muscles that produce elevation and depression of the ribs (muscles of intercostal space, transverse thoracic, and serratus posterior inferior and superior) are responsible for changing the anterior/ posterior and lateral dimensions of the thoracic cage.
The skin of the thorax is supplied by the ventral rami (intercostal nerves) arising from which spinal segments?
T1-T12
T2-T11
T4-T6
T1-T6
T1-T6
Explanation
Spinal segments T1-T6 will supply the skin overlying the thorax. Spinal segments T7-T12 will supply the skin over the abdomen.
The blood supply to the thoracic wall is provided by branches of which of the following arteries?
Subclavian
Abdominal aorta
External carotid
Thoracic aorta
Axillary artery
Subclavian
Thoracic Aorta
Axillary artery
Explanation
The blood supply to the thoracic wall is provided by branches of the subclavian axillary artery (which is a branch of the subclavian), and the thoracic aorta. Note that the two arteries of the intercostal space, the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, arise from the internal thoracic artery (which is a branch of the subclavian) and the thoracic aorta, respectively. Reminder: branches of the external carotid will primarily supply external structures of the head region, and the abdominal aorta gives off branches that supply the abdominal region and muscles located in the lumbar region of the back.
Which of the following muscles can be easily seen anteriorly in the abdominal region in a well developed individual?
Internal oblique
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Which of the following structures marks the location of the T10 dermatome?
Xiphoid process
Umbilicus
Nipple
Pubic symphysis
Umbilicus
Explanation
The umbilicus marks the location of the T10 dermatome. The nipple marks the location of the T4 dermatome.
Which of the following muscles originates from the public bone?
External oblique
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Which muscles insert onto the rectus sheath? Select all that apply.
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Explanation
All of the flat muscles (external and internal oblique and the transversus abdominis) of the anterolateral abdominal wall have an insertion (they actually help form) into the rectus sheath.
The aponeurosis of which of the following muscles contributes to both the anterior and posterior leaflets of the rectus sheath?
Transverse abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique
Internal Oblique
The skin of the anterolateral surfaces of the abdomen are supplied by cutaneous branches of the ventral rami from which of the following spinal segments?
T7 - T12
T1 -T12
T1-T6
T7-T12
The blood supply to the abdominal walls arise from multiple branches of which of the following arteries. Select all that apply.
Internal thoracic
Thoracic aorta
External carotid
Axillary
Abdominal aorta
External iliac
Femoral
Internal Thoracic
Thoracic Aorta
Abdominal Aorta
External Iliac
Femoral
Muscle
Origin:
Insertion:
Main Actions:
Muscle
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Insertion:
Main Actions:
The deep fascia in the thoracic and lumbar regions is called…
Thoracolumbar fascia
Muscle name
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Insertion:
Innervation:
Main Actions:
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Insertion:
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Innervation:
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Muscle name
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Insertion:
Innervation:
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Muscle name
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Insertion:
Innervation:
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Muscle name
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True or False: Facet joints are synovial joints
True
Where do all intrinsic muscles of the back region receive their innervations from?
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves
Rectus Sheath
What are the key arteries that supply the back region?
What joints are formed between the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae? What ligaments support these joints?
(posterior abdominal wall)
