MODULE 6

Question 1

illustrates how feed is broken down into its component parts in a laboratory procedure

Answer 1

proximate analysis

Question 2

; this is especially true of
farm or feedlot rations where high-moisture silage is often fed.

Question 3

in early spring, grazed native forage contains 75 to 90 percent
water

Answer 3

e rapid-growth period

Question 4

Is above the cow’s daily water requirements, while 10 to 12 gallons is closer to what
she will actually drink.

Answer 4

30 GALLONS

Question 5

Often can be a
problem, as water is a good solvent and may contain dissolved inorganic salts

Answer 5

Salinity

Question 6

Most waters are alkaline with pH values of 7.0 to 8.0.

Question 7

Total dissolved solids (TDS) consist of inorganic and organic materials

Question 8

Supply most of cattle’s energy needs and make up 65 to 75 percent of the dry weight of grains, forages, and roughage.

Answer 8

Carbohydrates

Question 9

Carbohydrates include compounds such as sugars, starch,
cellulose, and other related substances.

Question 10

Two commonly used substances detected in typical feed analysis to evaluate carbohydrate content of feed are:

Answer 10

crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract.

Question 11

Feed digestibility generally decreases as crude fiber content increases.

Question 12

In actively growing grass,
forage, or high-quality hay, the crude fiber is lower, so digestibility is higher.

Question 13

as plants mature, crude fiber content increases and digestibility declines

Question 14

Microorganisms in the rumen (10 billion per
gram of contents) digest or break down

Answer 14

cellulose

Question 15

the
major carbohydrate in the crude fiber portion of plants,
into products ruminant animals can use.

Question 16

complex compounds composed of various amino acids. These amino acids contain
16 percent nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. I

Answer 16

protein

Question 17

complex compounds composed of various amino acids. These amino acids contain
16 percent nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. I

Question 18

important for growth, reproduction, and lactation in animals.

Answer 18

Adequate levels of protein

Question 19

Is an excellent protein source when compared with grains such as corn,
sorghum, barley, or oats.

Answer 19

High-quality alfalfa hay

Question 20

COMPOUNDS such as urea and ammonia, are
frequently placed in protein supplements fed to ruminants to reduce the cost of supplementation.

Answer 20

Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Question 21

ingested into the rumen, where the microflora breaks it down and use the nitrogen portion to synthesize microbial protein,

Answer 21

Dietary protein

Question 22

microbial protein, which forms microbial cells within the microbes.

Question 23

Every time a protein is broken down and re-formed, energy is required

Question 24

Certain proteins, such as those found in blood meal and feather meal (bypass proteins), may
escape microbial break down in the rumen and are digested in the abomasum and small intestine.

Question 25

Technology has perfected ways to protect high-quality proteins, such as those found in --- , from breaking down by the rumen microbes.

Answer 25

soybean meal,

Question 25

Technology has perfected ways to protect high-quality proteins, such as those found in --- , from breaking down by the rumen microbes.

Answer 25

soybean meal,

Question 26

When using bypass protein, make sure the rumen microflora gets 6 to 7 percent protein to optimize forage digestion.

Question 27

determined in the proximate analysis procedure using an ether extraction

Answer 27

Fat

Question 28

Fat provides approximately 2.25 times the amount of energy per unit of weight when compared with carbohydrates or proteins.

Question 29

Adding fat helps bind cube and pellet ingredients together to make them harder and more stable during handling and feeding

Question 30

Adding fat helps bind cube and pellet ingredients together to make them harder and more stable during handling and feeding

Question 31

critical for skeletal development, digestion, metabolic processes, reproduction, growth, and lactation

Answer 31

Minerals

Question 32

are two of the most important minerals animals require on a daily basis

Answer 32

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 33

Can be extremely toxic at high levels; yet, under some range situations, supplementation has improved cattle performance.

Answer 33

Trace element copper

Question 34

are generally grouped according to their regulatory functions and are not necessarily chemically related. Vitamins help animals digest and absorb nutrients

Answer 34

Vitamins

Question 35

Vitamin A is commonly provided by injection or through supplementation, and animals can store up to a six-month supply of vitamin A in their livers.

Question 36

is the single largest cost associated with raising small ruminants, typically accounting for 60% or more of total production costs

Answer 36

Feed

Question 37

Energy (calories) is usually the most limiting nutrient, whereas protein is the most expensive.

Question 38

is necessary to maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive upsets.

Answer 38

Fiber (bulk)

Question 39

many factors affect the nutritional requirements of small ruminants:

Answer 39

1. Maintenance 2. growth 3. Preganancy 4. Lactation 5. Fiber production 6. Activity 7. Environment

Question 40

many factors affect the nutritional requirements of small ruminants:

Answer 40

1. Maintenance 2. growth 3. Preganancy 4. Lactation 5. Fiber production 6. Activity 7. Environment

Question 41

As a general rule of thumb, sheep and goats will consume 2 to 4 percent of their body weight on a

Answer 41

dry matter basis in feed.

Question 42

Usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for sheep and goats, and in some cases, pasture is all small ruminants need to meet their nutritional requirements

Answer 42

pasture, forbs and browse

Question 43

tends to be high in energy and protein when it is in a vegetative state

Answer 43

pasture

Question 44

As pasture plants mature, palatability and digestibility decline

Question 45

During the early part of the grazing season, browse (woody plants, vines and brush) and forbs (weeds) tend to be higher in protein and energy than ordinary pasture

Question 46

is the primary source of nutrients for small ruminants during the winter or non-grazing season

Answer 46

hay

Question 47

varies tremendously in quality, and the only way to know the nutritional content is to have the hay analyzed by a

Answer 47

forage testing laboratory

Question 48

tends to be a moderate source of protein and energy for sheep and goats.

Answer 48

hay

Question 49

Legume hays --alfalfa, clover, lespedeza -- tend to be higher in protein, vitamins and minerals, especially calcium, than grass hays

Question 50

It is often times necessary to feed ---- to provide the nutrients that forage alone cannot provide. This is particularly true in the case of high-producing animals

Answer 50

concentrates

Question 51

There are two types of concentrate feeds:

Answer 51

: Energy and Proteins

Question 52

Energy feeds provide more calories, but tend to be low in protein (8-11%).

Question 53

One of the problems with feeding a lot of cereal grains is that they are high in phosphorus content, but low in calcium.

Question 54

Feeding a diet that is high in phosphorus and low in calcium can cause urinary calculi (kidney stones) in wethers and intact males.

Question 55

The proper calcium to phosphorus ration is 2:1.

Question 56

Inadequate calcium can lead to milk fever (hypocalcemia) in pregnant or lactating ewes/does.

Question 57

Ruminant-derived meat and bone meal cannot (by law) be fed to other ruminants, including sheep and goats.

Question 58

Protein quantity is generally more important than protein quality (amino acid content) in ruminant livestock since the microorganisms in the rumen manufacture their own body protein.

Question 59

Livestock do not store excess protein; it is burned as energy or eliminated (as nitrogen) by the kidneys.

Question 60

Since parasites often cause blood loss in small ruminants, higher levels of protein in the diet may enable the animal to mount a greater immune response to parasites.

Question 61

Many minerals are required by small ruminants. The most important are salt, calcium, and phosphorus.

Question 62

ratio of calcium to phosphorus should be kept around 2:1 to prevent urinary calculi.

Question 63

Small ruminants require vitamins A, D and E, whereas vitamin K and all the B vitamins are manufactured in the rumen.

Question 64

A mature animal will consume between ¾ to 1 ½ gallons of water per day

Question 65

Water requirements and intake increase greatly during late gestation and during lactation

Question 66

Improved pasture and proper grazing management allows producers a way to keep production costs to a minimum by efficiently producing high quality forage

Question 67

Developing a pasture and grazing management system for livestock requires planning as well as an understanding of:

Answer 67

1) forage growth phases, 2) managing forage growth, and 3) grazing systems

Question 68

Clover and grass pastures grow most efficiently if they are managed to maintain a 2 to 5- inch height, when plants are in the vegetative state.

Question 69

Perennial ryegrass pastures in Phase I (1 inch high) grow very slowly because they lack leaf area for optimum photosynthesis.

Question 70

In Phase II (2 to 5 inches high) the plants make the most rapid and efficient growth; their leaf area is great enough to use all the sunlight falling on the area.

Question 71

Pasture growth slows in Phase III (5-12 inches high) as lower leaves become shaded and die

Question 72

Four main classes are used to describe growing stages of the grass plant:

Answer 72

1. vegetative stage 2. elongation stage 3. boot stage 4. heading 5. anthesis 6. mature seed

Question 73

involves unelongated tillers that are only producing leaves.

Answer 73

Vegetative stage:

Question 74

internodes are starting to elongate and elevate shoot apices.

Answer 74

Elongation stage

Question 75

Inflorescences are located in the sheaths of the flag leaf.

Answer 75

Boot stage:

Question 76

Inflorescences start to emerge and to expand.

Answer 76

Heading

Question 77

Flowers are shedding pollen.

Answer 77

Anthesis

Question 78

Inflorescences are fully developed and seeds are ripe.

Answer 78

Mature seed

Question 79

Good tiller development in the fall depends on

Answer 79

(1) adequate energy reserves; (2) leaf area; (3) soil fertility; (4) soil moisture and (5) available light and the ratio of red light to far red light, indicative of the amount of shade provided by other plants.

Question 80

Management Implications A critical grassland management practice is to keep an eye on plant regrowth and location of the shoot apices, otherwise known as the main growing points, in the canopy of the plant.

Question 81

Managing Forage Growth Pasture is the least expensive feed for livestock. Ensuring that animal nutrient needs can be supplied by pasture for as many days as possible will help your operation become more economically viable.

Question 82

Refers to a broader category of grazing systems including rest rotation, deferred rotation, and managementintensive grazing.

Answer 82

Rotational grazing

Question 83

continuous grazing system, livestock producers allow animals to graze on pasture for the entire grazing season. T

Question 84

Pastures are rested for a specified period of time.

Answer 84

rest rotation grazing system,

Question 85

A particular pasture is not grazed for a specific period of time until plants reach a certain maturity level.

Answer 85

Deferred grazing system

Question 86

Can be more productive in regions where adequate soil moisture ensures regrowth of forage.

Answer 86

Rotational grazing systems

Question 87

animals are moved to a new paddock in no specific order. Pastures are grazed when they are producing the most readily available forage.

Answer 87

management-intensive grazing system,

Question 88

Management-intensive grazing requires subdividing the land into paddocks, providing access to water, adjusting stocking rates, and monitoring grazing duration. Proper fencing is essential to improved grazing management and pasture production.