Module 6 Flashcards

(34 cards)

1
Q

Referent

A

The entity identified by the use of a referring expression such as a noun or noun phrase

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2
Q

Extension

A

Extension refers to the set of all potential referents for a referring expression.

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3
Q

Prototype

A

A typical member of the extension of a referring expression is a prototype of that expression.

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4
Q

Stereotype

A

A list of characteristics describing a prototype is said to be a stereotype.

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5
Q

Coreference

A

Two linguistic expressions that refer to the same real-world entity are said to be coreferential

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6
Q

Anaphora

A

A linguistic expression that refers to another linguistic expression

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7
Q

Deixis

A

deictic expression has one meaning but can refer to different entities depending on
the speaker and his or her spatial and temporal orientation.

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8
Q

Semantics

A

the study of meaning in language

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9
Q

referent

A

the thing referred to (which varies from occasion to occasion)

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10
Q

verb refer

A

having something particular in mind when saying a word (the definition that lives in the dictionary)

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11
Q

speaker-reference

A

what the speaker is referring to by using some linguistic expression

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12
Q

Linguistic-reference

A

reference that is a systematic function of the language itself, rather than of the speaker and context.

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13
Q

The Principle of Compositionality

A

The semantic meaning of any unit of language is determined by the semantic
meanings of its parts along with the way they are put together

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14
Q

Compositional semantics (or formal semantics)

A

how the Principle of Compositionality applies, formal semanticists study the variety of grammatical patterns which occur in individual languages and across the languages of the world

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15
Q

lexical semantics

A

the study of the meanings of words, and the relations among words‟ meanings

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16
Q

Denotative meaning

A

The logical meaning, which indicates the essential qualities of a concept which distinguish it
from other concepts

17
Q

Connotative Meaning

A

The additional or associated meaning, which is attached to the denotative, conceptual
meaning. It consists of associations made with a concept whenever that concept is referred to.

18
Q

Social Meaning

A

the meaning that a word possesses by virtue of its use in particular social situations and
circumstances

19
Q

Thematic meaning

A

the manner in which a message is organized for emphasis.

20
Q

The Theory of Naming

A

This theory, explained in Plato‟s dialogue Cratylus maintains that language is a communication system which works with two elements; the signifier, and the signified.

21
Q

The Behavioristic Theory of Meaning

A

Meaning in terms of the context in which language is used. These two maintained that the description of a language is not complete without some reference to the context of situation in which the language operated.

22
Q

Benefactive

A

The noun or noun phrase that refers to the person or animal who benefits, or is meant to benefit, from
the action of the verb.

23
Q

synonymy

A

Two or more forms with very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always,
intersubstitutable in sentences

24
Q

Antonymy

A

Two forms with opposite meanings are called antonyms

25
Gradable
Antonyms that can be used in comparative constructs. The negative of one member does not necessarily imply the other
26
Non-Gradable (complementary pairs)
They are not normally used in comparative constructions and the negative of one member does imply the other
27
Hyponymy
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is called hyponymy
28
Prototype
It explains the meaning of certain words like bird not in terms of component feature (e.g. „has wings‟) but in terms of resemblance to the clearest examplar
29
Homophony
When two or more differently written forms have the same pronunciation but different meaning; e.g. sea-see
30
Homography
When two or more forms are the same only in writing but different in pronunciation and meaning theyare described as homographs such as lead ([lid]) and lead ([led]).
31
Homonymy
It is when one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings, but have the same pronunciation and spelling; e.g. bank (of a river) and bank (financial institution). They have quite different meanings but accidently have the same form.
32
Polysemy
It can be defined as one form (written or spoken) having multiple meanings which are all related by extension
33
Metonymy
: This relationship is essentially based on a close connection in everyday experience. It may be container-content relation (can-juice); a whole-part relation (car-wheels); or a representative-symbol relation (king-crown). Sometimes making sense of many expressions depends on context, background knowledge and inference.
34
Collocation
Those words which tend to occur with other words. e.g. hammer collocates with nail; wife with husband and knife with fork