Module 4

Question 1

Affix

Answer 1

a morpheme that is added onto the root of a morphologically complex word in order to make it a complete word (almost always is a bound morpheme)

Question 2

Affixation

Answer 2

morphological process whereby a bound morpheme, an affix, is attached to a morphological base

Question 3

Agglutinating Language

Answer 3

words are formed from strings of morphemes, the morphemes change little in the process of combination, and the morphemes cannot stand on their own

Question 4

Allomorph

Answer 4

a nondistinctive realization of a particular morpheme that has the same function and is phonetically similar. (e.g. cats [s], dogs [z], and churches [‘z])

Question 5

Alternation

Answer 5

the phenomenon of a morpheme exhibiting variation in its phonological realization. Each of the various realizations is called an alternant. The variation may be conditioned by the phonological, morphological, and/or syntactic environment in which the morpheme finds itself.

Question 6

Ambiguity

Answer 6

a quality of language that makes speech or written text open to multiple interpretations. That quality makes the meaning difficult or impossible for a person or artificial intelligence (AI) program to reliably decode without some additional information

Question 7

Analytic Language

Answer 7

language that conveys relationships between words in sentences primarily by way of helper words (particles, prepositions, etc.) and word order, as opposed to using inflections

Question 8

Bound Morpheme

Answer 8

A morpheme that cannot occur on its own (e.g. cran- in cranberry), they have two categories, Inflectional and Derivational morphemes

Question 9

Bound Root

Answer 9

a root morpheme which cannot appear on its own

Question 10

Closed Lexical category

Answer 10

New members of these categories are not added to the language very often. In English, the closed classes include pronouns (you, them), modal verbs (could, must), determiners (a, the), prepositions (of, in), and conjunctions (and, but).

Question 11

Compounding

Answer 11

the process of word formation that creates compound lexemes

Question 12

Conjunction

Answer 12

linguistic elements that link two or more words, phrases, clauses, or sentences within a larger unit, in such a way that a specific semantic relation is established between them

Question 13

Content Morpheme

Answer 13

morphemes that express some general sort of referential or informational content, in a way that is as independent as possible of the grammatical system of a particular language. The stems of nouns, verbs, and adjectives are typically content morphemes. They are often called open-class morphemes

Question 14

Content Word

Answer 14

a word with an independent lexical meaning, that is, one that can be defined with reference to the physical world or abstract concepts and without reference to any sentence in which the word may appear. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and many adverbs are considered to be content words

Question 15

Derivation

Answer 15

morpheme that makes a new word from an old one, generally changes the part of speech, has no syntactic relations outside the word, is often not productive or regular in form or meaning, typically occur inside any inflectional affixes, and in English can appear as prefixes or suffixes

Question 16

Determiner

Answer 16

a nominal syntactic category distinct both from adjectives and nouns, despite the close affinity among them. A determiner may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc.

Question 17

Form

Answer 17

a meaningful unit of speech , as a morpheme , word, phrase, sentence , etc

Question 18

Free Morpheme

Answer 18

A morpheme that can occur as a separate word (e.g. car, yes)

Question 19

Function Morpheme

Answer 19

serves to tie elements together grammatically, or express obligatory morphological features like definiteness. These are generally prepositions, articles, pronouns, and conjunctions and are called closed-class morphemes

Question 20

Function Word

Answer 20

a word whose purpose is more to signal grammatical relationship than the lexical meaning of a sentence

Question 21

Fusional Language

Answer 21

A fusional language is a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings

Question 22

Hierarchical Structure

Answer 22

the format of linguistic representations. At all levels of organiza- tion (phrases, words and syllables), linguistic structure is organized hierarchically

Question 23

Homophony

Answer 23

the linguistic phenomenon whereby words of different origins become identical in pronunciation

Question 24

Incorporation

Answer 24

a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function

Question 25

Infix

Answer 25

a morpheme that is inserted within another form. Does not occur in English except for some expletives

Question 26

Inflection

Answer 26

very the form of the words in order to express the grammatical features that a given language chooses, such as singular/plural or past/present tense. These morphemes generally do not change the basic synactic category, express grammatically-required features or indicate relations between different words in a sentence, occur outside any derivational morphemes, and in English are only suffixes and there are 8 (‘s, s, s, ing, ed, en, er, est)

Question 27

Input

Answer 27

the exposure language learners have to authentic language in use

Question 28

Lexical Category

Answer 28

also known as parts of speech or word classes, they are the different types of words. In English there are 8 lexical categories

Question 29

Lexicon

Answer 29

an inventory of the morphemes in a language

Question 30

Morpheme

Answer 30

the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language

Question 31

Morphology

Answer 31

the study of structure of the words and word formation

Question 32

Open Lexical Category

Answer 32

A lexical category is open if the new word and the original word belong to the same category. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are open lexical categories.

Question 33

Output

Answer 33

the language a learner produces (speaking and writing)

Question 34

Partial Reduplication

Answer 34

involves a reduplication of only part of the word

Question 35

Polysynthetic Language

Answer 35

are highly synthetic languages, i.e. languages in which words are composed of many morphemes (word parts that have independent meaning but may or may not be able to stand alone). They are very highly inflected languages.

Question 36

Prefix

Answer 36

an affix that precedes the root in a word that is composed of more than one morpheme

Question 37

Preposition

Answer 37

category or part of speech that shows the relationship (such as position or direction) between its complement and some other word in the sentence

Question 38

Productive

Answer 38

The skills involved in actively speaking, writing, or otherwise producing language, also called “expressive language” skills

Question 39

Pronoun

Answer 39

a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase

Question 40

Reduplicant

Answer 40

The base is the word (or part of the word) that is to be copied. The reduplicated element is called the reduplicant. It is most often repeated only once.

Question 41

Reduplication

Answer 41

a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) or even the whole word is repeated exactly or with a slight change

Question 42

Root

Answer 42

also known as the stem or base, the root is the basic or core morpheme in a morphologically complex word (a word composed of more than one morpheme)

Question 43

Simultaneous Affix

Answer 43

an affix that takes place at the same time as its base

Question 44

Stem

Answer 44

when a root morpheme is combine with affix morpheme

Question 45

Suffix

Answer 45

a morpheme that follows the root in a word that contains more than one morpheme

Question 46

Suppletion

Answer 46

the use of two or more phonetically distinct roots for different forms of the same word, such as the adjective bad and its suppletive, comparative form worse