Module 6 Flashcards
What are types of terrorism acts?
- Mass terror e.g by political leaders targeted at general pop
- Random terror by individuals or groups targeted at civilians
- Focused random terror by individuals or groups targeted at opposition e.g. Israeli-Palestine conflict
- Dynastic terror. Assassinations by individuals or groups targeting ruling elite or state leader
- Lone wolf terror by individual alone targeted at gov/civilians
What is the difference between state terrorism and state-based terrorism?
- State terrorism is defined as, “the use of terror by a government against its own citizens” eg: Nazi Germany
- State-based terrorism is when a state foreign policy supports a terrorist organisation eg: Iran providing a safe haven to some members of Al-Quaeda during the early 2000s
What are the two types terrorism theories?
- Terror Management Theory (TMT)
- Cognitive behavioural theory
What was the original focus of Terror Management Theory?
Humans’ fear of their own vulnerability and eventual mortality - existential anxiety
Explain Terror Management Theory.
- People develop strong beliefs about how the world should be
- This allows people to feel important and that they contribute to a meaningful world, which gives them psychological security, but also a sense of superiority over others
- These beliefs relieve anxiety and are defended for psychological security
- When people challenge these beliefs, the individual is likely to respond negatively
- This negative reaction can be dealt with in one of four ways: derogation, assimilation, accommodation, or annihilation.
In terms of cognitive behavioural theory, what processes are key to developing and maintaining psychological issues arising from terrorism?
- Catastrophising (expecting the worst to happen)
- Helplessness (sense of powerlessness)
- Rumination (repeatedly thinking about problem or event)
- Greater levels of rumination and catastrophising predicted greater levels of PTSD amongst adolescents living in Boston after bombings. However , this was only when exposed to media reporting on attacks
What were the 3 main findings of Das et al. (2009) study on TMT and news?
1) The murder of Van Gogh and news reports of terrorism overseas increased death-related thoughts, which in turn predicted prejudice towards Arabs, but only after Van Gogh’s death.
2) News on a terrorist threat close by increase death-related thoughts, which in turn predicted implicit prejudice towards Arabs, but only in those with low self-esteem
3) The effect of terrorism news on prejudice against Arabs was replicated for non-Muslims. Also, it increased prejudice against Europeans for Muslim participants
“Terrorism news triggers an unconsciously activated fear of death, which then becomes the basis for judging outgroups”
Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “strong emotional reactions such as disbelief, numbness, fear and confusion.”
Phase 1
Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “active efforts to adapt to new environment, intrusive and hyperarousal symptoms present, anger irritability and social withdrawal”
Phase 2
Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “Disappointment and resentment as it becomes evidence that aid and restoration is unlikely to lead to complete return to pre-attack status.”
Phase 3
Which phase of the terrorism response model is: “Reconstruction phase typified by physical and emotional rebuilding, resumption of old roles, re-establishing social connections”
Phase 4
What percentage of refugees have experienced at least 1 traumatic event?
What is the average number of traumatic events experienced by refugees?
- 90-95%
- 4
What is the national prevalence of PTSD?
What is the rate for refugees?
What is the rate for West Papuan refugees?
What is the rate for Iraqi refugees?
- National 4.4%
- Refugees 30%
- WP 29.5%
- Iraqi 31%
Note that while rates are 7 times national average, help seeking is low e.g. 19% Iraqi sought help for trauma, and 13.8% saw a psych.
What are some of the clinical challenges when working with severely traumatised refugees, as described by Maier (2015)?
- Very severe trauma, greater than clinicians are used to treating in civil resident patients
- Shattered assumptions about the trustworthiness of the world. Basic social values such as trust, respect and compassion are mere words. Many abandon faith in fairness & ethical values, especially those who were religious. Psychologists need to explore dimensions of faith, religion and spirituality
- Deeply isolated
- Loss of self-sameness/identity
- Physical disabilities and complaints, particularly chronic (bodily flashbacks of trauma)
- Insecure residency permit status
- Cultural and social uprooting including language barrier
- Survivor’s/perpetrator’s guilt
- Moral injury (transgressions that lead to serious inner conflict because the experience is at odds with core ethical and moral beliefs)
What are 5 things you should focus on/adjust when providing CBT to traumatised refugees?
- Extend the psycho-educational element of therapy since this is likely their first psych contact and intervention
- Explore their symptoms in their own words - makes them the expert of their experience and shows openness of therapist to accept their culture/views
- Explore the impact of their trauma on their role functioning
- Involve them in therapeutic goal-setting to create collaborative connection - likely to differ from what you think their goals will be. Incongruent goals contribute to drop out
- Obtain supervision
What are some of the benefits of positive education?
- Promotes individual growth (promotes personality strengths)
- Promotes well-being
- Reduces depression
- Happy students make high achievers (pay better attention, more creative, higher public involvement)
- Makes teachers’ lives easier by creating school culture that is caring, trusting and prevents troublesome behaviour
- Increases student motivation
- Increases resilience
What is the aim of the Pen Resilience Program (PRP)?
What are some of the benefits?
Aim
- Increase students’ ability to handle stressors and problems encountered by teaching to think realistically and flexibly about problems as well as assertiveness, creative brainstorming, relaxation, decision making and other problem solving skills.
Benefits:
- Reduces helplessness
- Reduces depression
- Reduces anxiety
- Reduces behavioural problems
What are 2 exercises used in the PRP?
- Three good things
- Using signature strengths in a new way
Where has positive education arisen from in the 70s, 90s, and 2000s?
70s - self-esteem
90s - social skills programs
2000s - resilience programs
What is the point of using positive psychology interventions and coaching psychology in schools?
What are benefits?
The coaching can enhance the training of the positive psychology intervention
Benefits:
- increase wellbeing, goal striving, resilience and hope
What are the five elements for well-being - PERMA?
Positive emotions Engagement Relationships Meaning Accomplishment
According to Seligman, what are the 3 pillars of happiness?
- Positive emotions
- Positive traits
- Positive institutions (democracy, family, schools)
What are 2 reasons why positive psychologists haven’t been able to address the ‘positive institutions’ pillar of happiness?
- They haven’t had access to whole schools
- Practically, it’s easier to enforce change on an individual level, rather than large-scale political transformation
Why does Prof Haslam think concept creep has occurred?
In the last 50 years, Western society has grown more sensitive to harm and expanded their definition of what harm is
In terms of concept creep, what does horizontal and vertical expansion mean?
Horizontal expansion - qualitatively new phenomena
Vertical expansion - quantitatively less extreme phenomena
