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PSY4409 21st Century Applications of Psychology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common application of VR in psychology?

A

The treatment of phobias and trauma symptoms through virtual exposure

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2
Q

What were the main findings of Serrano et al. (2016) on VR-Mood induced procedure study?

A
  • After VR-MIP, for all participants, levels of relaxation increased and arousal decreased
  • Relaxation levels after the VR-MIP were not significantly different between experimental groups ie. the stimulation of touch and/or smell does not appear to significantly improve the state of relaxation (however, there was a trend - “the groups whose sense of touch was stimulated seemed more relaxed”)
  • After VR-MIP, for all, participants, levels of presence in the VE increased
  • There were no significant differences found in presence related to the stimulation of touch and smell (however, there was a trend)
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3
Q

What is the Proteus effect?

A

When people infer their expected behaviours and attitudes from observing the digital representation of themself

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4
Q

What has research found people with more attractive and taller avatars do?

A
  • People with more attractive avatars walk closer to and disclose more information to strangers
  • People with taller avatars negotiate more aggressively
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5
Q

What are the 5 types of e-health application?

A
  • Online support groups and health-related virtual communities
  • Self-management/self-monitoring applications
  • Decision aids
  • Personal health records
  • Internet use
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of attention that TALI trains?

A
  • Attentional control
  • Sustained attention
  • Selective attention
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7
Q

Which TALI task showed the most promising results? What other aspect of learning did it improve?

A

The selective attention (fish) task was most effective. It lead to improved numeracy abilities over time

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8
Q

What kinds of things are the creators of Mood Mission measuring in their randomised controlled trial?

A
  • Emotional self-awareness
  • Mental health literacy
  • Coping self-efficacy
  • Emotional mental health (anxiety and depression)
  • Well-being
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9
Q

What does it mean when a given treatment is described as ‘acceptable’?

A

When it is perceived as appropriate, fair, reasonable, and nonintrusive

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10
Q

What were the main findings of Wallin et al. (2016) study on the acceptability of internet interventions?

A
  • Most participants preferred face-to-face treatment over internet treatment
  • Participants that often used the internet for health info were three times more likely to prefer internet treatment
  • Communicating with others online about health issues was not related to a preference for internet interventions
  • People born outside Sweden were significantly more likely to prefer internet interventions
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11
Q

What percentage of kids that are bullied online are also bullied at school?

A

85%

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12
Q

What are some factors associated with victims of cyber-bullying?

A
  • Anxiety
  • Loneliness
  • Somatic symptoms
  • Suicide ideation
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13
Q

What are some of the factors associated with perpetrators of cyber-bullying?

A
  • Delinquent behaviour
  • Substance use
  • Aggression
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14
Q

What are some of the factors associated with people who are both victims and perpetrators?

A
  • Poor relationships with caregivers
  • Conduct problems
  • Depression
  • Substance use
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15
Q

What is the main problem with studies that have looked at the relationship between cyber-bullying and health? Provide example. How can researchers overcome this limitation?

A
  • These studies are correlational, so we cannot comment on causation eg: we don’t know if loneliness is a result of bullying, or if loneliness places someone at greater risk of being bullied.
  • This can be overcome by doing longitudinal studies
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16
Q

According to the findings of Baldry et al. (2015), what are the risk factors associated with being a cyber-bully?

A
  • Being male
  • Low school commitment and achievement
  • Use internet devices a lot
  • Lack emotional and cognitive empathy
  • Don’t have a great idea of themselves
  • Impulsive
  • Tend to break rules
  • Involved in bullying at school
  • Morally disengaged
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17
Q

According to the findings of Baldry et al. (2015), what are the risk factors associated with being a cyber-victim?

A
  • Being female
  • Low school achievement
  • Online much more than non cyber-victims
  • Lack social skills
  • Poor self-esteem
  • Depression, anxiety, anger and maladaptive behaviour symptoms
  • Tend to be victimised at school, but also tend to be bullies and cyber-bullies
  • Have parents with limited knowledge or control of child’s internet use
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18
Q

According to Baldry et al. (2015), what is the strongest risk factor associated with cyber-bullying?

A

School bullying

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19
Q

How much time per week do Australians spend on Facebook?

A

12.5 hours (approx half a day)

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20
Q

What percentage of adolescents and adults are classified as heavy users of social media in Australia?

A

56% adolescents

23% adults

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21
Q

With regards to social media, what is the displacement hypothesis?

A

Social media use displaces valuable time that people would otherwise spend with existing (more valuable) friends

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22
Q

With regards to social media, what is the stimulation hypothesis?

A

Social media use enhances the quality of existing friendships, and consequently, improves well-being

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23
Q

What did Valkenburg and Peter (2007) find regarding what people do with their time on social media?

A

Participants spent significantly more time private messaging existing friends, compared to public chat rooms

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24
Q

Explain the relationship between quality of friendships, time spent private messaging, and well-being

A

Quality of friendships mediates the relationship between time spent private messaging friends and well-being

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25
Q

What did Donchi and Moore (2004) find about gender differences in the benefits gained from social media use?

A
  • Online friendships were associated with better well-being for girls, but the opposite was true for boys.
  • A higher number of regular online friendships amongst boys was related to lower self-esteem and greater loneliness
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26
Q

Explain the relationship between high Facebook use, negative relationship outcomes, and conflict stemming from Facebook use, as found by Clayton et al. (2013).

A

Conflict stemming from Facebook use mediates the relationship between high Facebook use and negative relationship outcomes.

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27
Q

Explain the difference between bridging and bonding social capital.

A
  • Bridging (heterogenous): weak ties, usually between ethnic and occupational groups, expands social horizons but does not provide much social support
  • Bonding (homogenous): strong ties, usually between close friends and family, not different backgrounds but emotional support is provided
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28
Q

What were the main findings of Johnston et al. (2011) study on the association between Facebook use and social capital?

A
  • Facebook use was positively associated with perceived bridging social capital
  • Facebook use was positively associated with perceived bonding social capital
  • However, Facebook had less of an impact on perceived bonding social capital (perhaps due to features of FB that encourage weak ties)
  • The relationship between Facebook use and bridging social capital did not vary with different levels of self-esteem OR satisfaction with university life
  • The relationship between Facebook use and bonding social capital did not vary with different levels of self-esteem OR satisfaction with university life
  • Facebook use significantly predicted maintained social capital (this was the strongest correlation)

Therefore students seemed to use Facebook to maintain relationships and develop maintained social capital

29
Q

With regards to Facebook use, what is the objective self-awareness theory (OSA)?

A

OSA says that Facebook use will lead to lower self-esteem, as being prone to self-evaluation as a result social standards and norms lowers self-esteem

30
Q

With regards to Facebook use, what is the hyperpersonal model?

A

Hyperpersonal predicts that Facebook use will enhance self-esteem, as it gives users autonomy and control over how they present themselves

31
Q

Discuss the effectiveness of VR exposure therapy

A
  • promising results indicating better performance on behaviour assessments post treatment
  • Similar results to conventional therapies on behavioural measures
  • 30 mins in VR showed sig decrease in paranoia transferable to real world
32
Q

What is the Brave Mind program and what can it be used to address?

A
  • VR that recreates battlefield experiences

- Used to treat PTSD

33
Q

What are some benefits of VR interventions?

A
  • Can bring out emotions that can’t come out in other ways
  • Use simulations that brings up the emotion (e.g., battlefront, flying) then teach ways to deal appropriately
  • allows systematic desensitisation (vs. flooding)
  • Allows therapist greater control over intensity and duration of experiences
  • Advantages over imaginal techniques for those who have trouble confronting feared situation
  • Enables context conditioning
34
Q

What does the Virtually Better clinic treat?

A
  • Everyday phobias such as fear of flying
35
Q

Explain how VR can help with context conditioning

A

VR exposure to phobia/fear helpful in several ways:

  • Habituation. Reactions decrease over time with exposure
  • Extinction. Repeated exposure can weaken previously learned associations between feared object/situation and negative outcomes
  • Emotional processing. Learn to attach new and more realistic belief to feared object/situation and become increasingly comfortable
  • Self efficacy. Helps demonstrate to individual that they’re capable of confronting fears and managing feelings of anxiety
36
Q

What was the first approximation of Virtual Environment to simulate various senses?

A

‘Sensorama’ in 1957 by Morton Helig.

  • Consisted of a display enriched with objects from physical world (images, sounds, doors)
  • Provided illusion of reality using 3D motion picture, with smell, sound and seat vibration or increasing sense of movement by blowing wind into users’ faces
37
Q

Why are senses important in Virtual Environments?

A

The more senses that are stimulated, the higher the sense of presence especially when touch and hearing introduced
e.g. add a physical touch rather than a simulated hand

38
Q

What is olfactory (smell) stimulation suggested to treat and why?

A
  • PTSD

- Smell can influence emotional and affective response, facilitate real or increased sense of presence.

39
Q

What are the strengths of online support groups and virtual communities?

A
  • Empowerment
  • Increased health outcomes
  • Feelings of unity
  • Less loneliness
  • Anonymity
  • Greater self disclosures
  • Promotes honesty and understanding
40
Q

What are the weaknesses of online support groups and virtual communities?

A
  • Absence of visual, oral, and contextual signals
  • Misunderstandings
  • Impersonal and remote features of communication
  • Potential for development of imprecise, dangerous/erroneous medical info
41
Q

What are the strengths of self management and self monitoring?

A
  • Greater QOL
  • Fewer risk behaviours
  • Fewer determinants of illness
  • Self monitoring is feasible and acceptable by patients, nurses and practitioners
  • Facilitates better awareness and adherence to guidelines
  • Allows measurements for practitioner between visits
42
Q

What are decision aids? What are their strengths?

A

Facilitate making decisions through information (benefits/risks) on options and outcomes relevant to health conditions

Strengths:

  • Increased knowledge and agreement between values and choices
  • Realistic expectations are met’
  • Lower level of decisional conflict
  • Encourages to be more active in decision-making
  • Informs of alternative treatment choices
43
Q

What are the weaknesses of decision aids?

A

Non-verbal prompts to convey info do not identify needs and requirements of individuals

44
Q

What is a personal health record?

A
  • Allows access, coordination and control of health info

- Combines data, knowledge and software tools

45
Q

What are the strengths of personal health records?

A
  • Motivates to become more involved in health care
  • Assists with understanding instructions from practitioner, preventing medical mistakes
  • Increased control over care
  • Increased questions asked of practitioners
  • Fewer geographical barriers to patient care
46
Q

What are weaknesses of personal health records?

A

Concerns regarding value, privacy and security

47
Q

What are concerns of people using the internet to acquire health information?

A
  • Quality
  • Quantity
  • Completeness
  • Accuracy
48
Q

What are some benefits of wearable tech?

A
  • Important in self managing and self monitoring
  • Allows practitioners to look at fuller picture of patient’s health
  • Better tailoring of diagnoses and treatments
  • Real time
49
Q

What is TALI?

A
  • Tablet technology that assists children with developmental disabilities in attention training
  • Born from gaming tech
  • Increases attention in kids aged 4-8 by focusing on strengthening and profiling underlying attention processes
  • Allows identification of individual strengths and weaknesses
  • Can also be used by neurotypical children
50
Q

What is Mood Mission?

A
  • A mobile app that addresses both low mood and anxiety

- Give distress ratings and app will suggest 5 things you can do tailored to you

51
Q

What are some e-health service considerations?

A
  • Is it a good fit?
  • Any regulations or legal requirements?
  • Etiquette of use e.g. camera and mic placement
  • Security and storage of data
  • Procedures for handling emergencies
52
Q

What are two competing theoretical perspectives of self-esteem?

A
  • Objective Self Awareness Theory (OSA). People make self evaluations based on broader social standards
  • Hyperpersonal Model (HM). People devise self-concept from information they self-select to present online
53
Q

What did Gonzalez & Handcock find re: self esteem and Facebook use?

What is a criticism of this research?

A
  • Participants who updated and viewed their own profile reported higher SE (supporting HM)
  • Suggested FB activates and reinforces ‘ideal’ self as opposed to harming the actual self

Criticism:
-Did not consider how often FB used.

54
Q

Is self esteem higher or lower amongst those addicted to FB?

A

Lower in addicted persons vs intense/ordinary use

55
Q

What did Hana et.al. (2017) find FB is associated with?

A
  • Higher social comparison and self objectification

- Lower self esteem

56
Q

What are the 2 classes of social capital?

A
  • Cognitive. Linked to personal aspects e.g. beliefs, values, norms, attitudes. By product of cultural norms
  • Structural. Outwardly visible features e.g. patters of social engagement, density of networks.
57
Q

What is the potential result of low social capital in the community?

A
  • Associated with more social disorder, high distrust
58
Q

What are some negative factors of social capital?

A
  • Can lead to development of hate groups
  • Strong ties between group members can lead to outsiders’ exclusion
  • Participation generally dictates certain conformity restricting individual freedom
  • Individual successes undermine group cohesion
59
Q

With regard to repeated actions, what is argued to be enough in the case of cyberbullying?

A
  • 2 experiences

- Due to remaining online, prolonging harm

60
Q

Regarding cyberbullying, what are static risk factors?

A
  • Cannot change them

- Age, gender, prior involvement in bullying

61
Q

Regarding cyberbullying, what are dynamic factors?

A
  • Change with time or as consequence of an intervention

- School policies, parental supervision, academic achievement

62
Q

What are the cyberbullying risk factor levels according to Ecological Framework?

A
  • Individual level (ontogenetic) e.g. use of tech, hours, self esteem, empathy etc.
  • Interpersonal (microsystem). Comprised of family & peers.
  • Community/School (mesosystem). e.g. school climate, policies, programs
  • Societal/cultual (macrosystem) e.g. cultual norms re violence
63
Q

What is the role inversion hypothesis?

A

Those bullied also bully others

64
Q

Explain Psychoanalytic Theory in regards to fame

A

Freud argued artists’ motivated by fame, wealth, love. Culture created to keep minds off sex.

65
Q

Explain Personality Theory in regards to fame

A

Drive to succeed (type A), tendency to take risks, ability to easily read situations and improvise when planning fails

66
Q

Explain the Developmental Theory of fame

A

Social class is a predictor of fame. However, evidence adversity in early life can play a role

67
Q

What are the 2 forms of narcissism?

A
  • Grandiose (overt). Most familiar, extroversion, dominance, status, pursue attention and power. Correlates positively to SE
  • Vulnerable/hypersensitive (covert). Quiet and reserved but strong sense of entitlement. Easily threatened. Dark side shows over longer term. Correlates negatively to SE
68
Q

In terms of selfies, what did narcissism predict?

A
  • Intention to post and frequency
  • No age association
  • However, posting may be a manifestation of more adaptive self-enhancement forms of narcissism rather than socially noxious tendencies
  • Effect was reinforcing. Increasing numbers of selfies appears to raise narcissism levels

PSY4409 21st Century Applications of Psychology (5 decks)

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