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Physiology 2130 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the brain stem

A

controls some of the most basic/involuntary functions (heart rate and respiration); made up of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; incorporates 9 cranial nerves

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2
Q

Define gyri and sulci

A

gyri are bumps on the brain and sulci are dips on the brain

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3
Q

Describe the frontal lobe, its parts and functions

A

EXECUTIVE FUNCTION, primary motor cortex for movement, premotor cortex integrates movement info with sensory info/event sequencing, prefrontal cortex processes skeletal muscle inputs/decision making/behaviour

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4
Q

Describe the parietal lobe, its parts and function

A

SENSORY PERCEPTION, primary somatosensory cortex receives input from major sensory organs, somatosensory association areas for cortex integration (integrates sensory info with other association areas to form meaningful perceptions)

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5
Q

Describe the temporal lobe, its parts and functions

A

AUDITORY PROCESSING, MEMORY, OBJECT AND PATTERN RECOGNITION, primary auditory cortex and associated areas for auditory processing, other portions for olfaction(smell), short-term memory and language

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6
Q

Describe the occipital lobe, its parts and functions

A

VISION, primary visual cortex for vision input from optic nerve, visual association areas for vision integration (processing visual info and integrating with other sensory inputs)

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7
Q

Describe the cerebellum and its functions

A

processes sensory info and coordinates execution of movement, has largest number of neurons in brain; receives input from somatic receptors, equilibrium receptors, and balance and motor neurons from cortex

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8
Q

Describe the corpus callosum and its function

A

dense bundle of nerves; a pathway/connection between two cerebral hemispheres, allowing integration of info from both sides of body and coordinating whole body movement

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9
Q

Describe the diencephalon, its parts and functions

A

thalamus receives sensory input from spinal cord and sends it to cortex; hypothalamus controls variety of endocrine functions (body temp, thirst, food intake, etc) through directing release of hormones

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10
Q

Describe the pituitary gland, its parts and functions

A

regulates other endocrine organs, regulated by hypothalamus; anterior is derived from epithelial tissue of pharynx and releases LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, GH and prolactin; posterior derives from neural tissue of hypothalamus, releases vasopressin and oxytocin

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11
Q

Describe the midbrain and functions

A

bridges lower brainstem with above, controls eye movements, exerts control over auditory and visual motor reflexes

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12
Q

Describe the pons and functions

A

acts as relay station for transferring info between cerebellum and cerebral cortex; the bump in center of brainstem between midbrain and medulla

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13
Q

Describe the medulla and functions

A

primary control over involuntary functions like breathing, blood pressure, swallowing; fibers from corticospinal tract (originating in motor cortex) cross over to opposite side here

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14
Q

Describe the optic nerves and functions

A

optic nerve meet at optic chiasma, cross over and continue to thalamus, where axons then extend to primary visual area of occipital love

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15
Q

Describe primary motor cortex, location and function

A

at posterior end of frontal lobe; processes info relating to skeletal muscle movement, stimulation causes specific muscles to contract (arrangement is very specific)

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16
Q

Describe primary somatosensory cortex, location and function

A

at anterior end of parietal lobe; receives sensory info from opposite side of body like pain, temp, touch, and vibration

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17
Q

Describe language and mathematical area, location and function

A

most often in left hemisphere (regardless of dominant hand); general interpretive center, allows understanding of visual and auditory info and generates written and spoken responses

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18
Q

Name the two main types of brain cells

A

neurons and glial cells

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19
Q

Name the 3 basic types of neurons

A

bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar

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20
Q

Describe bipolar neurons

A

two processes extending from cell body, specialized neurons found in retina of the eye

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21
Q

Describe unipolar neurons

A

one process extending from cell body, located in peripheral nerves outside CNS, generally sensory, transmit signals to and from spinal cord

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22
Q

Describe multipolar neurons

A

branching dendrites and one axon, most common in CNS

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23
Q

Describe glial cells and their function

A

make up 90% of brain, provide necessary environment for neurons to function properly; support cells maintain internal environment of CNS, perform structural role, regulate nutrients; 3 types: astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes

24
Q

Define neural coding

A

the heavier the object, the more APs per second, this way the weight of the object is coded into the AP

25
Q

Name 3 main parts of chemical synapse and important parts in each

A

axon terminal of presynaptic cell (voltage-gated Ca++ channels, synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter, mitochondria); synaptic cleft; postsynaptic cell (chemical receptors, chemically-gated ion channels react to neurotransmitter)

26
Q

Name 4 classes of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine (ACh); biogenic amines (catecholamines like dopamine, epinephrine); amino acids (excitatory like glutamate, inhibitory like GABA and glycine); neuropeptides (endogenous opioids like endorphin, and VIP)

27
Q

Name the most common excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate (amino acid)

28
Q

Name the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA (amino acid)

29
Q

Name the main difference between the NMJ and chemical synapse

A

NMJ has single AP in neuron produce single AP in muscle causing muscle contraction; chemical synapse has single AP in presynaptic neuron that will not produce or even guarantee an AP in postsynaptic neuron

30
Q

Define EPSP and general events

A

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential; caused by excitatory neurotransmitter opening ligand-gated channels, allowing Na+ into cell causing local depolarization; strong enough depolarization may cause AP at axon hillock

31
Q

Define IPSP and general events

A

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential; neurotransmitter opens ligand-gated channels either letting Cl- into cell or K+ out, causing local hyperpolarization; if strong enough, prevents AP generation at axon hillock

32
Q

Describe difference between EPSP/IPSP and AP

A

AP are all-or-nothing, always same strength regardless of strength of stimulus; EPSP/IPSP vary in strength, can be summed, and either encourage or inhibit generation of AP

33
Q

Define spatial summation

A

postsynaptic neuron receiving multiple synapse signals from multiple presynaptic neurons simultaneously, causing an additive effect of EPSPs and IPSPs

34
Q

Define temporal summation

A

postsynaptic neuron receiving high frequency of APs from same presynaptic neuron, an additive effect sums the EPSP or IPSP

35
Q

Define synaptic integration

A

one postsynaptic neuron can be receiving EPSPs and IPSPs at the same time, response of postsynaptic neuron will depend on # of each kind

36
Q

Name the parts of the motor system

A

the supplementary motor area, the premotor area, the primary motor cortex, basal ganglia, spinal pathways, motor nerves and muscle receptors

37
Q

Define motor cortex

A

located on precentral gyrus, arranged in specific manner (called motor homunculus), activates the neurons that will activate appropriate muscles for movement

38
Q

Describe the arrangement of the motor homunculus, from medial (midline) to lateral

A

genitals, foot, ankle, knee, thigh, trunk, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, fingers (large area), face, lips (large area), jaw, tongue

39
Q

Define the corticospinal tract

A

major motor pathway from primary motor cortex to motor neurons, made of millions of axons whose cell bodies are in primary motor cortex

40
Q

Describe the path of the corticospinal tract

A

begins in motor cortex, descends down brain stem, in medulla 80% of nerve fibers cross to contralateral side (20% remain on ipsilateral side), then enter spinal cord to continue descent, reach appropriate level and synapse with motor neurons, remaining fibers cross to contralateral side

41
Q

Define proprioception

A

“muscle sense”, brain awareness of the position of limbs and extent of each muscle contraction at all times

42
Q

Define muscle receptors

A

proprioception is possible because special receptors send signals back to brain; two types: muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

43
Q

Define muscle spindles

A

sensory organs consisting of intrafusal muscle fiber, central sensory region, two sets of gamma motor neurons and a sensory neuron

44
Q

Name what muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs detect

A

muscle spindles: muscle stretch, length, and rate of change of muscle length; golgi tendon organs: muscle tension

45
Q

Describe alpha-gamma coactivation

A

both types of neurons required to send info back to brain using muscle spindle; alpha innervates extrafusal muscle fibers, gamma innervates intrafusal; if only extrafusal is activated to contract, no message can be sent to brain for proprioception

46
Q

Name 3 specific functions of cerebellum

A

contribute to generation of accurate limb movements, correct ongoing movements, modify strength of some reflexes

47
Q

Name 7 behaviours influenced by the limbic system

A

feeding, drinking, pain, motivation, learning, fear/rage, and sexual pleasure

48
Q

Describe the key function of the limbic system

A

linking higher thought processes of the brain with more primitive emotional responses, allowing us to respond correctly to changes in our environment

49
Q

Name 7 major functions of the hypothalamus

A

temp control, body water regulation, food intake regulation, cardiovascular regulation, circadian clock regulation, coordination of emotional behaviours, control of hormones released from pituitary gland

50
Q

List the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

sympathetic (SYN) and parasympathetic (PSYN)

51
Q

Describe the pathway of the SYN

A

nerves exit the spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar (central) regions; preganglionic neurons synapse onto second postganglionic nerve near spinal cord

52
Q

Describe the pathway of the PSYN

A

nerves exit at the brain stem and very lower sacral region of spinal cord; preganglionic nerves synapse onto postganglionic nerves very near effector organ

53
Q

Describe function of the SYN

A

responsible for activating body functions involved in fight or flight situations

54
Q

Describe function of the PSYN

A

responsible for storage and conservation of energy, functions associated with rest and relaxation

55
Q

Name neurotransmitter released by PSYN postganglionic neuron

A

always ACh

56
Q

Name neurotransmitter released by SYN postganglionic neuron

A

usually norepinephrine (NE) but in some cases ACh

Physiology 2130 (16 decks)

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