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Health Disease Determinants > Module 6-10 > Flashcards

Module 6-10 Flashcards

1
Q

normal blood pressure

A

less than 120/ less than 80

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2
Q

elevated blood pressure

A

120-128/ less than 80

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3
Q

high blood pressure - hypertension stage 1

A

130-139/ 80-89

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4
Q

high blood pressure - hypertension stage 2

A

140 or higher / 90 or higher

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5
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

higher than 180/ higher than 120

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6
Q

hypertensive urgency

A

greater than 180/ higher than 120
asymptomatic

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7
Q

hypertensive emergency

A

higher than 180/ higher than 120 with signs and symptoms of organ damage
chest pain, organ - brain, heart, kidney

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8
Q

errors in BP

A

full bladder
talking
too small cuff
cuff over clothes
arm not at heart level
legs crossed

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9
Q

how much inaccuracy for full bladder

A

adds 10mmHg

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10
Q

how much inaccuracy for talking

A

adds 10mmHg

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11
Q

how much inaccuracy for too small cuff

A

2-10mmHg

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12
Q

how much inaccuracy for cuff over clothing

A

5-50mmHg

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13
Q

how much inaccuracy for arm not at heart

A

add 10mmHg

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14
Q

how much inaccuracy for legs crossed

A

add 2-8mmHg

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15
Q

calculating MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

normal 70-110mmHg
((2x diastolic) + systolic)/ 3

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16
Q

MAP

A

average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle
better indicator of perfusion to vital organs than SBP

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17
Q

Stroke belt according to REGARDS study

A
  1. Alabama
  2. Arkansas
  3. Georgia
  4. Louisiana
  5. Mississipi
  6. North Carolina
  7. South Carolina
  8. Tennessee
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18
Q

link between stroke and dementia

A

have stroke 2-8x more likely to develop dementia
at risk for stroke may develop cognitive impairments such as BLOOD VESSELS DETERIORATE increase risk of later developing age related COGNITIVE DECLINE and DEMENTIA

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19
Q

SDH - disparities in CV health

A

race/ethnic minority groups
pregnant or postpartum women with HTN
lower income
rural areas & access deserts
behavioral health issues and smoking

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20
Q

Life’s simple 7

A

Get Active
Eat better
Lose weight
Control Cholesterol
Manage Blood Pressure
Reduce Blood Sugar
Stop Smoking

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21
Q

Common sites of cerebral aneurysm

A

Anterior communication artery - 30%
Bifurcation of Internal Carotid Artery and posterior communicating artery - 25%
Bifurcation of middle cerebral artery - 20%

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22
Q

breast cancer risk factors

A

age
race
biological susceptibility
personal and family history
search menarche, late menopause
not breastfeeding
poor diet
physical inactivity
alcohol use
contraceptive use
hormone therapy
reproductive history
use of DES

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23
Q

2009 USPSTF Recommendations

A

women, age 50-74 recommend biennial screening

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24
Q

high risk populations of breast cancer

A

more white women diagnosed
more black women die
65 = median age at diagnosis
68 = median age at death

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25
Q

what are dense breasts

A

amount of fibrous & glandular tissue vs amount of fatty tissue in the breast - based on mammogram finding not size or appearance

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26
Q

what to do if you have dense breasts

A

breast ultrasound
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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27
Q

who is more likely to have dense breast?

A

can change over time
younger
pregnant/breast-feeding
taking hormone replacement therapy
lower body weight

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28
Q

why is breast density important?

A

higher chance of getting breast cancer
more dense, higher risk
NOT more likely to die from breast cancer

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29
Q

breast cancer hormone receptors

A

estrogen
progesterone
HER-2

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30
Q

6 R’s of behavioral management
* how to address in dementia

A

reassess
reconsider
re-channel/re-direct
reassure
review
restrict

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31
Q

Depression S/S (SIGECAPS)

A

S- sleep changes - increase day, decrease night
I- interest loss (apathy)
G- guilt (worthlessness)
E- energy loss - fatigue
C- cognition/concentration reduced
A- Appetite - usually decrease but sometimes increase
P- Psychomotor agitation (anxiety) retardation
S- suicide preoccupation

32
Q

TIA S/S

A

temporary reduction in blood supply
sudden onset of neurologic deficit
usually 2-30 min
rarely more than 1-2 hours
resolve completely in 24 hours

33
Q

TIA causes

A

clot is fragmented and dissolved
1/3 patients eventually have major stroke

34
Q

TIA treatment

A

carotid endarterectomy
drugs that decrease thrombi formation

35
Q

long term memory

A

explicit memory
implicit memory

36
Q

explicit memory

A

semantic memory
episodic memory

37
Q

implicit memory

A

procedural memory
emotional memory

38
Q

Lewy Body Dementia

A

5-10 %
alpha-synuclein protein, chief component of Lewy bodies
slowness
gait imbalance + parkinson movement features

39
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

substantia nigra = decreased dopamine; with Lewy bodies that pull alpha-synuclein protein out of the nucleus of neurons

40
Q

Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick’s Dse)

A

loss of function in frontal and temporal lobes -
behavior
personality
difficulty with producing/comprehending language

41
Q

Mixed Dementia

A

MC mix: AD + Vascular Dementia + Lewy body

42
Q

Korsakoff Dementia

A

Severe Vit B1 deficiency (thiamine) - alcohol use, AIDS, cancer

43
Q

TNM staging

A

T- tumor size
N - node involvement
M - metastasis

44
Q

what does TNM describe

A

size, location, spread from original site

45
Q

Dementia Risk Factors

A

advancing age
family history
CVD risk (hypertension, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, homocysteine)
stroke
atherosclerosis
apolipoprotein E Gene
mild cognitive impairment
traumatic brain injury
female
lack of social and cognitive engagement
low educational level

46
Q

T/F dementia is a normal part of aging

A

False

47
Q

top 3 types of dementia

A

Alzheimers disease - MC
vascular dementia
Lewy body dementia

48
Q

Neurocognitive and behavioral changes in dementia (MAAAE)

A

memory impairment - short term first then long term
aphasia - speech/language
apraxia - movement
agnosia - recognition of faces, objects
execution function issues

49
Q

why is dementia more common in females

A

longer life expectancy

50
Q

2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

A

healthy lifestyle throughout life
exercise > 150 min - moderate
OR 75 min of vigorous
Mediterranean Diet or DASH
sleep

51
Q

diet in cardiovascular disease

A

minimize trans fan, red meat and processed meat, refined carbohydrates, sweetened beverages

52
Q

atrophy

A

decrease cell size

53
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase cell size

54
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase cell number

55
Q

metaplasia

A

conversion of one cell type to another

56
Q

dysplasia

A

disorderly growth

57
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth (benign/malignant)

58
Q

neoplasia warning signs

A

CAUTION
c: change in bowel/bladder
a: a sore does not heal
u: unusual bleeding/discharge
t: thickening lump in breast
I: indigestion/ difficulty swallowing
o: obvious change in wart/mole
n: nagging cough or hoarseness

59
Q

benign tumors

A

growth rate: slow
growth character: expansion
tumor spread: localized
cell differentiation: well differentiated cells
“oma” to name of cells of origin
adenoma

60
Q

stage 0 breast cancer

A

noninvasive
carcinoma in situ

61
Q

stage 1 breast cancer

A

1-2 cm, no lymph nodes involved

62
Q

stage 2 breast cancer

A

invasive
2-5 cm, or + axillary LN on same side as breast cancer

63
Q

stage 3 breast cancer

A

locally advanced
> 2 inches in diameter, extensive axillary LN, spread to other LN or tissues

64
Q

stage 4 breast cancer

A

metastatic breast cancer

65
Q

recurrent breast cancer

A

comes back after initial treatment

66
Q

malignant tumors

A

growth rate: rapid
growth character: infiltration
tumor spread: metastasis by blood stream or lymphatic channel
cel differentiation: poorly-differentiated cells
ex: carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia

67
Q

metabolic syndrom components

A

elevated waist circumference
- >40 men >35 women
high triglyceride
> 150
low HDL
<40 men < 50 women
elevated BP
>130/85
elevated fasting glucose
>100
pro inflammatory state - C reactive protein, due to obesity
pro thrombotic state - elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor

68
Q

atherogenesis and formation of a coronary clot

A
  1. endothelia damage & immune response
  2. fatty streak forms and beginning of plaque formation
  3. plaque grows, fibrous cap forms, calcium deposits
  4. plaque ruptures, thrombus forms > AMI or stroke
69
Q

LADA (left anterior descending artery)

A

most commonly blocked

70
Q

LMCA (left main coronary artery)

A

blockage can lead to sudden cardiac death

71
Q

Bifurcation between LMCA and LADA

A

blockage referred to as the widow maker

72
Q

unhealthy life practices

A

smoking
inactivity
diet

73
Q

primordial prevention

A

traditional: age, family history..
nontraditional: stress, pollution

74
Q

primary prevention

A

subclinical disease
clinical disease

75
Q

secondary prevention

A

second event

76
Q
A

Health Disease Determinants (4 decks)

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