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Health Disease Determinants > Module 1-5 > Flashcards

Module 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

1948 Defintion of Health

A

health is a state of complete, physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

1984 defintion of Health

A

the extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs. And on the other hand, to change or cope with environment. Resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capacities

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3
Q

Charles Winslow’s defintion of Health

A

art of preventing disease, prelonging life and promoting physical and mental health through organized community efforts. - social machinery which will ensure every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health

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4
Q

Assess and monitor

A

population health status, factors that influence health, community needs and assets

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5
Q

investigate, diagnose, and address health problems

A

and hazards affecting the population, root causes

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6
Q

communicate effectively

A

inform and educate people about health. factors that influence it, and how to improve

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7
Q

strengthen, support, mobilize

A

communities and partnerships to improve health

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8
Q

create, champion, and implement policies

A

plans, and laws that impact health

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9
Q

utilize legal and regulatory actions

A

designed to improve and protect the public’s health

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10
Q

assure and effective system

A

that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy

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11
Q

build and support

A

a diverse and skilled public health workforce

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12
Q

improve and innovate public health functions

A

through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement

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13
Q

build and maintain

A

strong organization infrastructure for public health

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14
Q

Meikirch Model of Health

A

individual, society, environment

complex adaptive system, linked nature of health, whole government, responsibility, integrative apprach

photo in notes

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14
Q

top 10 causes of death

A

heart disease
cancer
covid
accidents
stroke
chronic lower respiratory disease
diabetes
chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
kidney disese - nephritits, nephrotic syndrome, nephrosis

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15
Q

levels of prevention

A

upstream - societal
midstream - community
downstream - individual and family

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16
Q

Primordial

A

laws and policies that advocate to improve health, upstream and less costly

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17
Q

primary

A

educating, creating programs, altering individual lifestyle choice

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18
Q

secondary

A

screenings and early detection/diagnosis

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19
Q

tertiary

A

treatment and prevention of diseases once it has attacked the body

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20
Q

quaternary

A

avoiding over medicalization/over medication

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21
Q

social determinant of health

A

The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, including the health system.. Shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at a global, national, and local levels are mostly responsible for health inequities, the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries

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22
Q

solar and irwin model

A

picture on phone

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23
Q

health in all policies

A

approach to public policies across sectors that systematically takes into account the health implications of decisions, seeks synergies, and avoids harmful health impacts in order to improve population health and health equity. It improves accountability of policymakers for health impacts at all levels of policy-making. It includes an emphasis on the consequences of public policies on health system, determinants of health and well-being.
○ If we all work together we would all improve health together

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24
Q

dispariteis

A

not simply differences in health.. May connate a difference that is inequitable, unjust, or unacceptable

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24
Q

inequities

A

Moral and ethical dimension, resulting from avoidable and unjust differentials in health status

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25
Q

HPA axis

A

chronic stress pathway

picture on phone

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26
Q

primary health care

A

universally accessible, affordable health care

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27
Q

drivers of health inequities

A

gender bias, resources, entitlements, norms, values, position of women in society

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28
Q

social determinants of health

A

circumstances and systems in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age

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29
Q

social gradient

A

Lower on SE position, worse health

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30
Q

health inequalities

A

differences in health outcomes

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31
Q

health inequities

A

life expectancy at bith is different for people

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32
Q

health disparities

A

difference in health outcome

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33
Q

Health belief model

A

Hochbuam & Rosenstock

perceived susceptability
perceived severity
perceived benefits
perceived barriers
cues to action
self-efficacy

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34
Q

Perceived susceptibility

A

one’s opinion of chances of getting condition

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35
Q

perceived severity

A

opinion of how serious a condition is and what its consequences are

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36
Q

perceived benefits

A

belief in the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk or seriousness of impact

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37
Q

perceived barriers

A

one’s opinion of the tangible and psychological costs of the advised action

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38
Q

cues to action

A

strategies to activate readiness

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39
Q

self-efficacy

A

confidence in one’s ability to take action

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40
Q

HBM

A

individuals course of action depends on the person’s perceptions of the benefits and barriers related to health behavior
○ Why people did or did not use preventive services
Address concerns in prevention and detection

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41
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

attitude
behavioral intention
subjective norm
social norm
perceived power
perceived behavioral control

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42
Q

attitude

A

degree to which a person has favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior

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43
Q

behavioral intention

A

motivational factors that influence a given behavior, stronger the intention, more likely to perform behavior

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44
Q

Social norms

A

customary codes of behavior in a group or people or large cultural context. Normative, standard in group of people

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45
Q

Subjective norm

A

belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior.

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46
Q

Perceived power

A

perceived presence of factors that facilitate or impede performance of a behavior

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47
Q

Perceived behavioral control

A

perception of ease or difficulty performing the behavior.

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48
Q

Key components of TPB

A

behavioral intent on likelihood that behavior will have expected outcome

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49
Q

social cognitive theory

A

Albert Bandura
personal factors, environemental influence, behavior

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50
Q

constructs of SCT

A

reciprocal determinism
behavioral capability
observational
reinforcements
expectations
self-efficacy

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51
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

can be both agent and responder to change. Thus changes in the environment, examples of role models, and reinforcements can be used to promote healthier behavior

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52
Q

purpose of SCT

A

explain how people regulate their behavior through control and reinforcements to achieve goal-directed behavior that can be maintained over time
Unique feature: emphasis on social influence and external and internal social reinforcement. Accounts for a person’s past experience in determining if behavioral action will occur

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53
Q

transtheoretical model

A

prochaska and diclemente

at any point there can be a relapse
propose that people are at different stages of readiness to adopt healthful behaviors

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54
Q

diffusion of innovation

A

used to accelerate the adoption of important public health programs that aim to change the behavior of a social system. Successful adoption of PH program results from understanding the target population and the factors influencing their rate of adoption

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55
Q

distribution

A

innovators: 2.5
early adopters: 13.5
early majority: 34
late majority: 34
laggards: 16

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56
Q

scientist for diffusion of innovation

A

E.M Rogers

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57
Q

socioecological model

A

urie bronfenbrenner
○ Individual, interpersonal, community, organizational, policy/enabling environment
Purpose: Propose that all influences are important to health. Healthy behaviors are maximized when environments and policies support healthful choices

58
Q

developmentla origins of health and disease

A

david barker
development of child

59
Q

1st trimeter

A

increase chance of hemorrhage, stroke

59
Q

2nd trimester

A

increased chance of coronary heart disease

60
Q

3rd trimester

A

increased chance of coronary heart disease or thrombotic stroke

61
Q

life course theory

A

glen elder
○ Timing in live
○ Time and place
○ Human agency in constrained situation
○ Human development and aging in lifelong process
Linked lives

62
Q

harvard model

A

Problem and solution to health condition

63
Q

Rothman’s causal pies

A

○ Sufficient cause - complete pie that represents a causal pathway for a disease
○ Component cause - individual pieces of the pie
Necessary cause - a component that appears in every pie or pathway

64
Q

sufficient cause

A

complete pie that represents a causal pathway for a disease

65
Q

component cause

A

individual pieces of the pie

66
Q

Necessary cause

A

a component that appears in every pie or pathway

67
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

person, place, time

68
Q

person

A

characteristics: age, sex, occupation, of individuals affected by outcome

69
Q

place

A

geography, residence, work, hospital of affected individuals

70
Q

time

A

when events diagnosis, reporting, testing occurred

71
Q

vasodilation

A

increase blood flow and cell permeability

71
Q

analytical epidemiology

A

○ Test hypotheses about exposure and outcome relationship
○ Measure the association between exposure and outcome
○ Includes comparison group
○ Experimental and observational
Prevalence - know how to read a table of stats

72
Q

extravasation

A

movement of WBC from capillaries to tissue

73
Q

diapedesis

A

netrophils migrate

74
Q

chemotaxis

A

macrophages transferred to the site

75
Q

Exudate

A

the fluid, leukocytes, and debris that accumulate as a result of inflammation

76
Q

Serous

A

Fluid containing little protein; colorless - simple cuts

77
Q

Purulent/Suppurative:

A

Creamy yellow pus containing mostly inflammatory cells - infection

78
Q

Fibrinous

A

Forms adhesions - sticky - burn

79
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Occurs when inflammation ruptures small capillaries - blood, dark red

80
Q

Sanguineous

A

bright red, fresh blood (may be hemorrhagic), indicates active bleeding

81
Q

percent of adults in US that are obese

A

41.9%

82
Q

syndrome of hypers

A

○ More than 1 in 5 americans have metabolic syndrome
○ Apple shape
○ Blood pressure
○ Triglyceride level
○ Fasting blood glucose
HDL cholesterol ○

83
Q

BMI classes

A

○ Underweight - under 18.5
○ Normal 18.5-24.9
○ Overweight 25-29.9
○ Obese 1 30-34.9
○ Obese 2 35-39.9
○ Obese 3 over 40

84
Q

underweight

A

under 18. 5

85
Q

normal weight

A

18.5-24.9

86
Q

oveweight

A

25-29.9

87
Q

obese 1

A

30-34.9

88
Q

obese 2

A

35-39.9

89
Q

obese 3

A

over 40

90
Q

sleeve gastrectomy

A

cut off outer portion of the stomach so your stomach can’t expand as much as it could before, and you get full much quicker
Less risk, hormones that make you hungry are secreted in this part of the stomach

91
Q

roux-en-Y

A

take a loop of your duodenum and connect it to top of stomach and disconnect most of the stomach - higher risk of bleeding and malnutrition

92
Q

gastric banding

A

burst bands because just can’t stop eating

93
Q

thrombus

A

stationary clot

94
Q

embolus

A

moving clot

95
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

caused by endothelia damage - veins and arteries

96
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

caused by cellular injury - cellular injuries, poked

97
Q

Vit K factors

A

2, 7, 9, 10

98
Q

prevent DVT

A

○ Don’t smoke
○ Stay active/exercise
○ Maintain normal body weight and diet
○ Identify risk of birth control or HRT with physician
§ Hormone replacement therapy
○ Avoid alcohol
Leg compression pump, low blood thinner

99
Q

virchow’s triad

A

○ Vessel wall injury
○ Stasis - not moving
Hypercoaguability

100
Q

large pulmonary embolism

A

§ Completely block main pulmonary artery
§ Lungs not infarcted because of collateral blood flow
Cyanosis and shortness of breath

101
Q

small pulmonary embolism

A

§ Raises pulmonary pressure
Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarct

102
Q

pulmonary diagnosis

A

§ Patient’s clinical history
§ Lunch scan
§ Pulmonary angiogram
□ Gold standard
CT scan

103
Q

ABC’s of diabetes

A

○ A1c test - less than 7%
○ Blood pressure less than 140/90
Cholesterol level for LDL less than 100

104
Q

ketoacidosis

A

seen in type 1 more often

105
Q

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

heat
redness
tenderness
swelling
pain
loss of function

106
Q

intrinsic pathway factors

A

1,2,9,10,11,12

107
Q

extrinsic pathway factors

A

1,2, 7, 10

108
Q

A1c -normal, prediabetes, diabetes

A

normal - less than 5.7
prediabetes - 5.7- 6.4
diabetes - greater than 6.5

109
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

○ Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss associated with random plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL
○ Plasma glucose greater than 126 after overnight fast, documented on more than one occasion
○ Ketonemia, ketonuria, both
Islet autoantibodies are frequently present

110
Q

type 2 diabets

A

○ Most patients are over 40 years of age and obese
○ Polyuria and polydipsia, ketonuria and weight loss are generally uncommon at time of diagnossis. Candidal vaginitis in women may be an initial manifestation many patients have few or no symptoms
○ Plasma glucose greater than 126 mg/dL after an overnight fast on more than one occasion two hours after 75g oral glucose, diagnostic values are greater than 200 mg/dL
○ HbA greater than 6.5
Hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis are often associated

111
Q

acute inflammation

A

physical, chemical agent
immediate onset
hours to days
neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, basophils
innate immunity, rash, pus, abscess
self-limited tissue injury

112
Q

chronic inflammation

A

persistenet irritation infection, autoimmunity
slow, month to years onset
weeks, months, years duration
macrophages, lymphocytes, plasama cells, fibroblasts
acquired immunity, rash, fibrosis, granulosa
progressive tissue injury

113
Q

metabolic syndrom

A

visceral obesity
insulin resistance
hypertension
high triglycerides
low HDL cholesterol

114
Q

visceral obesity

A

men above 40
women above 35

115
Q

insulin resistence

A

fasting gluclose greater than 100

116
Q

hypertension

A

BP greater than 130/85

117
Q

high triglycerides

A

above 150

118
Q

low HDL cholesterol

A

women less than 50
men less than 40

119
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

constellation of interrelated risk factors of metabolic origin that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) commonly manifest prothrombotic and proinflammatory state

120
Q

homeostasis phase 1

A

thromboplastin formation

121
Q

homeostasis phase 2

A

prothrombin to thrombin

122
Q

homeostasis phase 3

A

fibrinogen to fibrin

123
Q

bleeding problems phase 1

A

Hemophilia A, B, C, von willebrand’s disease

124
Q

hemophilia A

A

classic hemophilia - factor 7 antihemophilic factor

125
Q

hemophilia b

A

christmas disease. factor 9 christmas factor

126
Q

hemophilia c

A

factor 11. plasma thromboplastin antecedent

127
Q

von willebrand’s disease

A

vWF + factor 7

128
Q

phase 2 bleeding problems

A

vit k synthesis or absoption problems. use of coumadin, broad-spectrum antibiotics, gallstone/tumor in common bile duct

129
Q

phase 3 bleeding problems

A

afibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia

130
Q

local effects of inflammation

A

capillary dilation
incrased capillary permeability
attraction to leukocytes
systematic: fever, leukocytes

131
Q

capillary dilation

A

incrased blood flow, warmth, redness

132
Q

increased capillary permeabillity

A

extravasation of fluid swelling

133
Q

attraction of leukocytes

A

chemotaxis, migrate to injury
adhere to endothelium of small blood vessells

134
Q

step 1 of inflammation

A
  1. Release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors - trigger local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability
    Mast cells release histamine and mediates vasodilation
135
Q

step 2 of inflammation

A
  1. Capillaries dilate - increase blood flow to site of injury
    i. Extravasation/diapedesis
    Clotting begins via release of clotting factors and platelets
136
Q

step 3 of inflammation

A
  1. Chemotaxis - cells migrate to site of inflammation
    i. Inflammatory response continues until pathogen is eliminated and wound is repaired
137
Q

histamine function

A

Histamine regulates a plethora of pathophysiological and physiological processes, such as secretion of gastric acid, inflammation, and the regulation of vasodilatation and bronchoconstriction (29, 30). In addition, it can also serve as a neurotransmitter

138
Q

histamine agents?

A
  • Agents may be physical (heat or cold) , chemical (concentrated acid) , or microbiologic (bacterium or virus)
139
Q

HPA axis

A

mediates the effects of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system

140
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation system (DIC)

A

○ DIC- abnormal bleeding
○ Activates clotting mechanism using clotting factors
○ Fibrinolysin is activated
Net result? Hemorrhage - excessive bleeding

141
Q

DIC

A

cause blood levels to drop
fibrinogen levels elevate

142
Q
A

Health Disease Determinants (4 decks)

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