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Biology Y13 > Module 5.2.2 - Respiration > Flashcards

Module 5.2.2 - Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some features of a mitochondria?

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane (respiratory chain)
  • cristae ( folds with large SA)
  • matrix (Krebs cycle)
  • DNA
  • ribosomes (70s)
  • intermembrane space
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2
Q

What is energy used for?

A

To synthesise large molecules, active transport/conc gradients, mechanical work, thermal energy to maintain body temp

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2
Q

What is the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (6O2) -> water (6H2O) + carbon dioxide (6CO2)

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3
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate
- when phosphate group removed from ATP, 30.5 KJ/mol of energy is released, ADP is formed
- Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is formed if another phosphate group is removed
- ATP is universal, used by all organisms
- is recycled in the body

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4
Q

What happens to excess energy?

A

Its converted into ATP

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5
Q

What is the glycolysis cycle?

A
    • Glucose is phosphorylated to make it more reactive by adding 2 molecules of phosphate
      - Hexose bisphosphate is formed
      - 2 ATP molecules are hydrolysed, energy investment phase
    • Hexose bisphosphate is spilt into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
      - is too unstable as 1 molecule
    • Each molecule of triose phosphate is oxidised by NAD+ to pyruvate
      - process synthesises 2 molecules of ATP and 1 molecule of reduced NAD per triose phosphate
    • the fate of pyruvate is dependant on oxygen availability
      - aerobic respiration is enough supply
      - anaerobic respiration if shortage
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

What type of reaction is ADP + P -> ATP?

A

Condensation reaction

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8
Q

What does phosphorylation mean?

A

Adding inorganic phosphate group to ADP

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of phosphorylation?

A

Substrate level + oxidative

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9
Q

What type of reaction is ATP -> ADP + P?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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10
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain
- series of oxidation reaction that release sufficient energy to form ATP from ADP and phosphate

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10
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
- single reaction involving direct transfer of a phosphate group from donor molecule to ADP

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11
Q

Why must ATP be continuously produced?

A

Cannot be stored

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12
Q

What do enzymes tht are involved in oxidation/reduction reactions need help from?

A

Coenzymes

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13
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic non-protein molecules, act as cofactors that aid enzymes catalysing biochemical reactions
- NAD, FAD, acetyl coenzyme A (Acetyle CoA)

13
Q

What does OILRIG stand for?

A

Oxidation Is Lost
Reduction Is Gained

13
Q

What is the link reaction?

A
  • only occurs when oxygen is present
  • pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
  • CO2 released in process, NAD+ reduced,
  • sugar molecule now contains only 2 carbon atoms
  • is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
14
Q

What is decarboxylation?

A

Removal of carboxyl group/CO2 from molecule

15
Q

What is dehydrogenation?

A

Removal of hydrogen from molecule

16
Q

What is the Krebs cycle?

A
    • acetyl CoA produced from link reaction
      - acetate removed from CoA and acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to form 6C, citrate
    • CoA reused in link reaction
  3. citrate is decarboxylated (form CO2) and dehydrogenated (release 2 hydrogen that reduce NAD)
    - leaves 5C compound
    • 5C compound is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated
      - releases CO2 and reducing another NAD
      - 4C compound produced
    • 4C compound converted into another 4C compound
      - generates ATP molecules by substrate level phosphorylation
      - involves dehydrogenation, 2 hydrogen released as FAD+
      - produces FADH2 and different 4C compound
    • final 4C intermediate combined with oxaloacetate by dehydrogenation
      - produces molecule of NADH
17
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A
  • electron (from NADH being oxidised so protein is reduced) gets passed between proteins
  • the electron joins to O2 and H+ to make H2O
  • H+ ions get pumped through the proteins from the inside of the matrix to the outside intermembrane space
  • energy from H+ ions going down conc gradient turns ADP + Pi into ATP
17
Q

How many ATP are made from electron transport chain?

A

28

18
Q

How many ATP are made from glycolysis, Krebs cycle and ETC?

A

32
- 2 glycolysis
- 2 Krebs
- 28 ETC

19
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Conc gradient of H+ ions that generates energy/electricity through ATP syntesase

20
Q

What are the 2 types of pathways in anaerobic respiration?

A
  • lactate fermentation pathway
  • ethanol fermentation pathway
21
Q

What is the lactate fermentation pathway?

A
  • the products of glycolysis are 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 NADH and 2 ATP
  • pyruvate molecules accept the hydrogen atoms from NADH and this is catalysed by enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
  • pyruvate is reduced and converted to 2 molecules of lactate
  • the reduced NAD are reoxidised so glycolysis can continue as these coenzymes can accept the hydrogen atoms that are released during oxidation of triose phosphate
22
Q

What is the ethanol fermentation pathway?

A
  • pyruvate made from glycolysis is decarboxylated to from CO2 and ethanal
  • ethanal is reduced as it gains 2 hydrogen atoms and NADH is reoxidised to form ethanol
  • the reoxidised NAD is then reused again in glycolysis
23
Q

What is the equation for respiratory quotient?

A

volume/molecules of CO2 taken in

23
Q

What substrate and RQ does anaerobic respiration have?

A

Glucose - 1 +

24
Q

What substrates and RQs does aerobic respiration have?

A

Carbohydrate - 1.0
Proteins - approx 0.9
Lipid - approx 0.7

25
Q

What is a simple respirometer?

A
  • capillary tube with liquid
  • can add substrate to absorb CO2
  • simple to set up
  • minimal number of connections makes a good seal easier to obtain
26
Q

What is a complex respirometer?

A
  • isn’t affected by temp change or air pressure change
  • can reset easily, repeat measurements
  • volume increase inside syringe then equals amount of oxygen used
  • more accurate
  • right tube control
  • doesn’t involve diameter measurements

Biology Y13 (7 decks)

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