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Physio Psych > module 5.1 > Flashcards

module 5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits is known as

plasticity
regression
connectivity
long term potentiation

A

plasticity

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2
Q

The human central nervous system

begins to form during the fetal stage
is unlike all other vertebrate central nervous systems in its developmental process
begins to form when the embryo is about two weeks old
begins to form when the embryo is about two months old

A

begins to form when the embryo is about two weeks old

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3
Q

Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes?

migration
proliferation
myelination
synaptogenisis

A

proliferation

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4
Q

As the neural tube sinks under the surface of the skin, the forward end enlarges and differentiates into the:

spine, midbrain, and forebrain
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
hindbrain, midbrain
midbrain, forebrain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

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5
Q

Children of mothers who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at increased risk of

intellectual deficits
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Rett syndrome
Parkinson’s disease

A

intellectual deficits

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6
Q

Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most sucessful axons. This general principle is called:

natural selection
evolution
apoptosis
neural Darwinism

A

neural Darwinism

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7
Q

Early in development the nervous system begins as a:

A tube surrounding a fluid filled cavity
spherical structure in the center of the embryo
diffuse system of cells scatered throughout the body
single layer of cells covering the heart and other internal organs

A

A tube surrounding a fluid filled cavity

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8
Q

Axons sort themselves over the surface of the target area

by following a gradient of chemicals
through apoptosis
through necrosis
based on their size

A

by following a gradient of chemicals

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9
Q

Apoptosis

is a programmed mechanism of cell death
promotes the survival and growth of the axon
promotes the survival and growth of dendrites
promotes teh activity of neurons

A

is a programmed mechanism of cell death

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10
Q

The final stage of neurodevelopment is called:

synaptogenisis
differentiation
migration
fusion

A

synaptogenisis

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11
Q

Myelination in the human brain:

is complete upon birth
is complete around the second birthday
is complete sometime shortly after adolescence
continues well into the adult years

A

continues well into the adult years

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12
Q

How much alcohol, if any, can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child?

The equivalent of two cocktails a day
The equivalent of one beer a day
Anything less than what causes her to act drunk
Unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended

A

Unknown, and therefore abstention is recommended

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13
Q

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to

over excited neurons
apoptosis
decreases apoptosis
necrosis

A

apoptosis

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14
Q

What happened when Weiss grafted an extra leg onto a salamander adjacent to one of the hindlegs

the new leg gradually took over for the old
the new leg withered and died
nerves from the old leg attached to the new in a random fashion
Branches of axons from the old leg attached to corresponding muscles in the new

A

Branches of axons from the old leg attached to corresponding muscles in the new

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15
Q

Why is it that all neurons in a health adult brain have made appropriate connections?

Chemical messages from our muscles tell our brain how many neurons to form and that number perfectly matches the connections required
if an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies
we are born with all connections formed
connections form rapidly, but we learn to use whatever connections have formed

A

if an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies

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16
Q

Alcohol suppresses the release of _________, the brain’s main excitatory transmitter.

5-HT
DA
GABA
glutamate

A

glutamate

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17
Q

Brain studies of blind people suggest that they have greater attention to touch and auditory stimulation because

cortical areas for touch and audition are thicker
their visual cortex is used for touch and verbal tasks
they have greater neural branching
they have greater neurotrophin release

A

their visual cortex is used for touch and verbal tasks

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18
Q

The most likely explanation for the excess proliferation of neurons in early development is that it

compensates for the connection errors
uses up excess stored fuel
increases learning capactiy when it is most needed
prevents apoptosis

A

compensates for the connection errors

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19
Q

Which of the following aspects of brain and neural functioning can be most clearly altered by experience?

velocity of action potentials
structure of dendrites and axons
chemical constituents of the ventricles
number of laminae in the cerebral cortex

A

structure of dendrites and axons

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20
Q

The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the

forebrain
midbrain
spinal cord
ventricular system

A

ventricular system

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21
Q

Roger Sperry cut a newt’s optic nerve and rotated the eye. Axons form what used to be the dorsal part of the retina (now located on the ventral side) grew back to the target areas:

that ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina
that ordinarily get input from the ventral retina
that ordinarily get input from the center of the retina
equally and diffusely

A

that ordinarily get input from the dorsal retina

22
Q

Children of mothers who use cocaine during pregnancy

have a slightly higher birth weight
are likely to develop Turner’s syndrome
have a slightly lower IQ
are born with severe abnormalities resembling cerebral palsy

A

have a slightly lower IQ

23
Q

Developing neurons need _______ for survival

neurotrophins only
neurotropins and synaptic input
synaptic input only
apoptosis

A

neurotropins and synaptic input

24
Q

Children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are born with

fetal alcohol syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
PKU

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

25
Q

Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development?

altering chemical paths
damaging dendrites
loss of myelin
increased differentiation

A

altering chemical paths

26
Q

What visual capabilities did Sperry’s newt have after Sperry cut the optic nerve and rotated the eye?

it regained normal vision
it saw the world upside down and backwards
it required experience to relearn how to see
it remained blind

A

it saw the world upside down and backwards

27
Q

What is signaled by nerve growth factor (NGF)?

That a target cell has “accepted” an axon
which target cell a growing axon should connect with
that axons should elongate as the body grows bigger
the need for new neurons to form in the brain areas that are lacking in neurons

A

That a target cell has “accepted” an axon

28
Q

Whether or not a transplanted immature neuron adopts the properties of neurons in the new location or retains at least some properties of neurons from where it was taken depends largely on how much the transplanted neuron has:

myelinated
proliferated
migrated
differentiated

A

differentiated

29
Q

Keeping animals in a varied environment with stimulation increases the

branching of dendrites
speed of action potentials
density of Nodes of Ranvier along the axon
thickness of axons

A

branching of dendrites

30
Q

Focal hand Dystonia, sometimes called “musician’s cramp” is caused by

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers
deterioation of muscles in the hand
demyelination of neurons in the fingers
buildup of excess GABA in the temporal cortex

A

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

31
Q

What is the process called when the primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?

differentiation
migration
myelination
proliferation

A

differentiation

32
Q

New neurons are known to develop in all of the following cases EXCEPT:

olfactory receptors
the human corpus callosum
the brain area responsible for birdsong
hippocampus of mammals

A

the human corpus callosum

33
Q

Myelination is a process common to:

all vertebrate axons
all vertebrate dendrites
some vertebrate axons
some invertebrate axons

A

some vertebrate axons

34
Q

After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, _______ begin to form.

dendrites
axons
nuclei
ganglions

A

dendrites

35
Q

Which of the following, if any,, would be more damaging to an adult brain than to the brain of an infant or fetus?

Exposure to alcohol
Infections like German measles
Iodine deficiency in the diet
All of these are more damaging to an infant brain

A

All of these are more damaging to an infant brain

36
Q

Proliferation occurs:

at the top of the spinal column
around the vesicles
around the ventricles
at the expanding edge of the brain

A

around the ventricles

37
Q

Necrosis

is a programmed mechanism of cell death
is cl death caused by an injury or a toxic substance.
promotes the survival and growth of dendrites
promotes the activity of neurons

A

is cl death caused by an injury or a toxic substance.

38
Q

After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become

hyperactive
extinct
dormant
very complex

A

dormant

39
Q

Which of the following are selective as axons form synapses with target cells?

axons, but not target cells
target cells, but not axons
both axons and target cells
neither axons nor target cells

A

both axons and target cells

40
Q

Research in people over age sixty who were randomly assigned to experience six months of aerobic exercise showed:

that they developed more axons
that they developed less tumors
that they developed greater thickness of the cortex
that they developed less thickness of the cortex

A

that they developed greater thickness of the cortex

41
Q

Immunoglobulins and chemokines play an important role in neural:

migration
proliferation
synaptogenesis
apoptosis

A

migration

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins

Direct axonal growth during development
Increase axonal branching in mature neurons
Increase regrowth of axons after brain damage
Induce apoptosis of neurons

A

Induce apoptosis of neurons

43
Q

What statement most accurately describes embryonic development of the nervous system in humans?

The majority of cells remain as primitive neurons until birth
All synapses that are formed are permanent
Neurons from before birth; synapses form after birth
Far more neurons are produced than will ultimately survive

A

Far more neurons are produced than will ultimately survive

44
Q

What modern practice helps prevent inadequate production of thyroid hormones?

fluoride in drinking water
processed sugar
iodized salt
artificial sweeteners

A

iodized salt

45
Q

What is the production of new neurons called

differentiation
migration
myelination
proliferation

A

proliferation

46
Q

Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called:

parallel fibers
intrinsic cells
stem cells
glomeruli

A

stem cells

47
Q

________ steer new axonal branches and synapses in the right direction

Chemokines
Immunoglobulin
Glia
Neurotrophins

A

Neurotrophins

48
Q

An iodine deficiency in the diet can lead to an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. What is the result if this occurs in an infant or develpoping fetus?

Down’s syndrome
mental retardation
Tourette’s syndrome
accelerated body growth

A

mental retardation

49
Q

In humans, myelination first occurs in the:

spinal cord
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain

A

spinal cord

50
Q

Massive cell death in the brain during parental development is

indication of a genetic abnormality
an indication of restricted blood flow to the fetus
usually due to an autoimmune disorder
normal

A

normal

Physio Psych (6 decks)

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