module 4.1 Flashcards by Holly Buff

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
cerebellum and cerebrum
sympathethic division and parasympathetic division
brain and spinal cord

brain and spinal cord

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Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

Central
Parasympathetic
Peripheral
Sympathetic

Peripheral

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Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?

Autonomic
Sympathetic
Somatic
Parasympathetic

Somatic

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An axon in your hand causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger as you write. This neuron belongs to which branch of the nervous system?

Central
Somatic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Somatic

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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Transverse

Coronal

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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Commuter

Horizontal

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Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Commuter

Sagittal

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Which of the following means “toward the side, away from the midline”?

Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Ventral

Lateral

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Which of the following means “toward the back”?

Dorsal
Medial
Proximal
Ventral

Dorsal

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If one is on the left side of the body and another is one the right, they are said to be ___ to each other.

medial
lateral
ipsilateral
contralateral

contralateral

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What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?

Lamina
Column
Nucleus
Ganglion

Nucleus

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What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?

Lamina
Column
Tract
Ganglion

Ganglion

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The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been named the basal:

tract.
lamina.
gyrus.
nuclei.

nuclei.

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The spinal cord communicates with:

sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
all sense organs and muscles in the human body.
dorsal root ganglia only.
ventral root ganglia only.

sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.

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The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called:

sensory nuclei
sensory clusters
ventral root ganglia
dorsal root ganglia

dorsal root ganglia

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After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?

Sensation from the affected body area
Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
Control of organs in the affected body area
Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body

Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area

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If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?

Sensation would be lost on one side, and motor control on the other.
Sensation would be lost on both sides.
Motor control would be lost on both sides.
Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.

Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.

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Suppose a virus damaged only the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, but not the ventral roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?

Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control
Loss of both sensation and motor control
Loss of motor control, but preserved sensation
Unaffected sensation and motor control

Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control

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Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

Gray matter
White matter
Dorsal roots
Tracts

White matter

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Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?

Gray matter
White matter
Dorsal roots
Tracts

Gray matter

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In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of ____, while gray matter is mostly ___.

cell bodies; myelinated axons
dendrites; myelinated axons
myelinated axons; cell bodies
cell bodies; dendrites

myelinated axons; cell bodies

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If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:

that segment only.
that segment and all segments above it.
that segment and all segments below it.
all other segments.

that segment and all segments below it.

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The autonomic nervous system:

only receives information from the heart, intestines, and other organs.
only sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
conveys messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system.

receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.

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The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that construct blood vessels have input from only the ___ nervous system.

sympathetic
parasympathetic
central
dorsal root

sympathetic

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Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the ___ nervous system. sympathetic parasympathetic somatic motor

sympathetic

Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity? Increased blood pressure Sweating Slowed digestion Decreased heart rate

Decreased heart rate

Sympathetic ganglia: are located inside the spinal cord. act more independently than do parasympathetic ganglia. are closely linked and often act as a single system. have short postganglionic fibers extending to internal organs.

are closely linked and often act as a single system.

What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems? The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs. The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects. They usually have opposite effects on the same organ. The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in involuntary behavior.

They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.

Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system? The parasympathetic The sympathetic Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic Neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic

The parasympathetic

Sympathetic is to ___ as parasympathetic is to ___. central nervous system; peripheral nervous system voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior arousal; relaxation neurotransmitters; hormones

arousal; relaxation

The parasympathetic nervous system has: long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons. long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons. short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons. short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.

long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.

Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system dopamine serotonin Acetylcholine norepinephrine

norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is most often used by the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system? Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

One way over the counter cold remedies work is by increasing parasympathetic activity decreasing sympathetic activity increasing sympathetic activity blocking all automatic activity

increasing sympathetic activity

Given their effects on the nervous system, one side effect of over the counter cold remedies is increased digestive activity salivation heart rate sinus flow

heart rate

What consists of medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum? Hindbrain Reticular formation Midbrain Forebrain

Hindbrain

The term rhombencephalon refers to the brainstem hindbrain midbrain forebrain

hindbrain

What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain? Limbic system Thalamus Brain stem Cerebellum

Brain stem

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure? Medulla Thalamus Cerebellum Pons

Medulla

As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter? Midbrain Forebrain Medulla Cerebellum

Medulla

Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening? Occipital cortex Forebrain Medulla Cerebellum

Medulla

The medulla controls a number of reflexes through the midbrain the forebrain cranial nerves skeletal nerves

cranial nerves

Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information? motor and sensory motor only sensory only sympathetic only

motor and sensory

Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves? activation of the sympathetic nervous system sensation and muscle control of the head skeletal muscles of the trunk skeletal muscles of the extremities

sensation and muscle control of the head

How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have? 8 10 12 16

The reticular formation is contained within the brain stem spinal cord raphe system cerebellum

brain stem

The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to the raphe system the cerebellum much of the cerebral cortex motor areas of the spinal cord

much of the cerebral cortex

The ascending portion of the reticular formation controls the motor areas of the spinal cord is responsible for the eye muscles controls the motor areas of the brain increases arousal and attention

increases arousal and attention

The raphe system sends axons to the forebrain reticular formation spinal cord cerebellum

forebrain

The raphe system increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli is important for balance and coordination controls the sensory areas of the spinal cord regulates the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid

increases the brain's readiness to respond to stimuli

The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function? hunger temperature olfaction movement

movement

If a person has difficulty determining which of two rythms is faster, it is likely that she suffered damage to the cerebellum forebrain tectum medulla

cerebellum

In which area of teh brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colloculi, and substantia nigra? midbrain hindbrain reticular formation forebrain

midbrain

The term mesencephalon refers to the brainstem hindbrain midbrain forebrain

midbrain

What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease? dopamine serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine

dopamine

The limbic system is important for emotional behavior motor coordination coordination between the eyes and ears perceiving three-dimensional objects

emotional behavior

The diencephalon is composed of the thalamus and basal ganglia basal ganglia and hypothalamus thalamus and hypothalamus thalamus and hippocampus

thalamus and hypothalamus

The thalamus can be thought of as a(n) relay center ganglia modulation center emotion center

relay center

Which of the following structures provides teh main source of input to the cerebral cortex? limbic system medulla thalamus hypothalamus

thalamus

Sensory information taht is not processed by the thalamus includes olfactory information visual information auditory information somatosensory information

olfactory information

An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggest possible damage to which brain structure? Midbrain Hippocampus Hypothalamus Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the pituitary gland thalamus retina ventricles

pituitary gland

Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes? thymus gland pineal gland pancreas pitutiary gland

pitutiary gland

The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones to the outside of the body to the thalamus into the blood stream to the hypothalamus

into the blood stream

Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and other conditions that impair movement? Thalamus Basal ganglia limbic system reticular formation

Basal ganglia

The nucleus basalis sends information to the hypothalamus basal ganglia cerebral cortex hippocampus

cerebral cortex

The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for emotional response attention visual perception auditory perception

attention

An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all the memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the fornix hypothalamus hippocampus nucleus basalis

hippocampus

The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all part of teh forebrain filled with cerebrospinal fluid involved with cognitive functioning filled with blood

filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Meningitis is an inflammation of the cerebrospinal fluid glia membranes surrounding the brain medulla oblongata

membranes surrounding the brain

Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called CSF ventricles meninges hydrocephali

meninges

A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to cushion the brain hold blood in reserve for emergencies maintain the blood-brain barrier synthesize neurotransmitters

cushion the brain

What causes hydrocephalaus? poorly developed skull bones in an infant interruption of blood flow to the brain around the time of birth obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid damage to one of the cranial nerves

obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid