module 4.1 Flashcards
What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
cerebellum and cerebrum
sympathethic division and parasympathetic division
brain and spinal cord
brain and spinal cord
Which division of the nervous system is composed of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems?
Central
Parasympathetic
Peripheral
Sympathetic
Peripheral
Which division of the nervous system consists of neurons bringing messages from the senses to the central nervous system?
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Somatic
Parasympathetic
Somatic
An axon in your hand causes contraction of a muscle fiber in your finger as you write. This neuron belongs to which branch of the nervous system?
Central
Somatic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the front?
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Transverse
Coronal
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from above?
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Commuter
Horizontal
Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?
Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal
Commuter
Sagittal
Which of the following means “toward the side, away from the midline”?
Lateral
Medial
Proximal
Ventral
Lateral
Which of the following means “toward the back”?
Dorsal
Medial
Proximal
Ventral
Dorsal
If one is on the left side of the body and another is one the right, they are said to be ___ to each other.
medial
lateral
ipsilateral
contralateral
contralateral
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons inside the CNS?
Lamina
Column
Nucleus
Ganglion
Nucleus
What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?
Lamina
Column
Tract
Ganglion
Ganglion
The basal ganglia are a related cluster of cell bodies in the central nervous system. Technically, the basal ganglia should have been named the basal:
tract.
lamina.
gyrus.
nuclei.
nuclei.
The spinal cord communicates with:
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
all sense organs and muscles in the human body.
dorsal root ganglia only.
ventral root ganglia only.
sense organs and muscles below the level of the head.
The cell bodies of sensory neurons that are in clusters of neurons outside the spinal cord are called:
sensory nuclei
sensory clusters
ventral root ganglia
dorsal root ganglia
dorsal root ganglia
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
Sensation from the affected body area
Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
Control of organs in the affected body area
Control of the muscles on the opposite side of the body
Control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
If the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral roots were cut, which of the following would be true?
Sensation would be lost on one side, and motor control on the other.
Sensation would be lost on both sides.
Motor control would be lost on both sides.
Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.
Sensation and motor control would be lost on one side.
Suppose a virus damaged only the dorsal roots of the spinal cord, but not the ventral roots. What would happen to the sensory and motor abilities of the affected area?
Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control
Loss of both sensation and motor control
Loss of motor control, but preserved sensation
Unaffected sensation and motor control
Loss of sensation, but preserved motor control
Axons of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
Gray matter
White matter
Dorsal roots
Tracts
White matter
Cell bodies of motor neurons would most likely be found in which of the following?
Gray matter
White matter
Dorsal roots
Tracts
Gray matter
In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of ____, while gray matter is mostly ___.
cell bodies; myelinated axons
dendrites; myelinated axons
myelinated axons; cell bodies
cell bodies; dendrites
myelinated axons; cell bodies
If the spinal cord is cut at a given segment, the brain loses sensation at:
that segment only.
that segment and all segments above it.
that segment and all segments below it.
all other segments.
that segment and all segments below it.
The autonomic nervous system:
only receives information from the heart, intestines, and other organs.
only sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
conveys messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system.
receives and sends information to the heart, intestines, and other organs.
The sweat glands, adrenal glands, and muscles that construct blood vessels have input from only the ___ nervous system.
sympathetic
parasympathetic
central
dorsal root
sympathetic
Seeing a snake come out of the drain in the bathtub might increase your heart rate, dilate your pupils, cause you to sweat, and raise the hair on your neck. These responses are due to the activity of the ___ nervous system.
sympathetic
parasympathetic
somatic
motor
sympathetic
Which of the following would be the most likely effect of taking a drug that blocks sympathetic nervous system activity?
Increased blood pressure
Sweating
Slowed digestion
Decreased heart rate
Decreased heart rate
Sympathetic ganglia:
are located inside the spinal cord.
act more independently than do parasympathetic ganglia.
are closely linked and often act as a single system.
have short postganglionic fibers extending to internal organs.
are closely linked and often act as a single system.
What, generally, is the relationship between the activity of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic controls internal organs while the parasympathetic controls peripheral organs.
The sympathetic usually has specific, localized effects, while the parasympathetic has broad effects.
They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.
The sympathetic is involved in voluntary behavior, while the parasympathetic is involved in involuntary behavior.
They usually have opposite effects on the same organ.
Digestive activity is increased by the activation of which branch of the autonomic nervous system?
The parasympathetic
The sympathetic
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic
Neither the parasympathetic nor the sympathetic
The parasympathetic
Sympathetic is to ___ as parasympathetic is to ___.
central nervous system; peripheral nervous system
voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
arousal; relaxation
neurotransmitters; hormones
arousal; relaxation
The parasympathetic nervous system has:
long preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
short preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons.
long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.
Which neurotransmitter is used by the parasympathetic nervous system
dopamine
serotonin
Acetylcholine
norepinephrine
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is most often used by the postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
One way over the counter cold remedies work is by
increasing parasympathetic activity
decreasing sympathetic activity
increasing sympathetic activity
blocking all automatic activity
increasing sympathetic activity
Given their effects on the nervous system, one side effect of over the counter cold remedies is increased
digestive activity
salivation
heart rate
sinus flow
heart rate
What consists of medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum?
Hindbrain
Reticular formation
Midbrain
Forebrain
Hindbrain
The term rhombencephalon refers to the
brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
hindbrain
What structure is composed of the medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain?
Limbic system
Thalamus
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing, and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?
Medulla
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
As axons from the spinal cord enter the skull, which structure do they enter?
Midbrain
Forebrain
Medulla
Cerebellum
Medulla
Damage to which hindbrain structure would be most life-threatening?
Occipital cortex
Forebrain
Medulla
Cerebellum
Medulla
The medulla controls a number of reflexes through
the midbrain
the forebrain
cranial nerves
skeletal nerves
cranial nerves
Functionally, cranial nerves carry which kind of information?
motor and sensory
motor only
sensory only
sympathetic only
motor and sensory
Which major functions are controlled by the cranial nerves?
activation of the sympathetic nervous system
sensation and muscle control of the head
skeletal muscles of the trunk
skeletal muscles of the extremities
sensation and muscle control of the head
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have?
8
10
12
16
12
The reticular formation is contained within the
brain stem
spinal cord
raphe system
cerebellum
brain stem
The ascending portion of the reticular formation sends outputs to
the raphe system
the cerebellum
much of the cerebral cortex
motor areas of the spinal cord
much of the cerebral cortex
The ascending portion of the reticular formation
controls the motor areas of the spinal cord
is responsible for the eye muscles
controls the motor areas of the brain
increases arousal and attention
increases arousal and attention
The raphe system sends axons to the
forebrain
reticular formation
spinal cord
cerebellum
forebrain
The raphe system
increases the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli
is important for balance and coordination
controls the sensory areas of the spinal cord
regulates the rate of production of cerebrospinal fluid
increases the brain’s readiness to respond to stimuli
The cerebellum contributes to the control of what function?
hunger
temperature
olfaction
movement
movement
If a person has difficulty determining which of two rythms is faster, it is likely that she suffered damage to the
cerebellum
forebrain
tectum
medulla
cerebellum
In which area of teh brain would one find the tectum, tegmentum, superior and inferior colloculi, and substantia nigra?
midbrain
hindbrain
reticular formation
forebrain
midbrain
The term mesencephalon refers to the
brainstem
hindbrain
midbrain
forebrain
midbrain
What type of neurons in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease?
dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
dopamine
The limbic system is important for
emotional behavior
motor coordination
coordination between the eyes and ears
perceiving three-dimensional objects
emotional behavior
The diencephalon is composed of the
thalamus and basal ganglia
basal ganglia and hypothalamus
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus and hippocampus
thalamus and hypothalamus
The thalamus can be thought of as a(n)
relay center
ganglia
modulation center
emotion center
relay center
Which of the following structures provides teh main source of input to the cerebral cortex?
limbic system
medulla
thalamus
hypothalamus
thalamus
Sensory information taht is not processed by the thalamus includes
olfactory information
visual information
auditory information
somatosensory information
olfactory information
An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggest possible damage to which brain structure?
Midbrain
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
By both neural and hormonal pathways, the hypothalamus regulates activity of the
pituitary gland
thalamus
retina
ventricles
pituitary gland
Secretions from which gland will also affect the secretion of hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, and ovaries or testes?
thymus gland
pineal gland
pancreas
pitutiary gland
pitutiary gland
The pituitary gland synthesizes and releases hormones
to the outside of the body
to the thalamus
into the blood stream
to the hypothalamus
into the blood stream
Which structure is likely to be damaged in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and other conditions that impair movement?
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
limbic system
reticular formation
Basal ganglia
The nucleus basalis sends information to the
hypothalamus
basal ganglia
cerebral cortex
hippocampus
cerebral cortex
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain’s system for
emotional response
attention
visual perception
auditory perception
attention
An individual has difficulty remembering certain things after brain damage, but all the memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the
fornix
hypothalamus
hippocampus
nucleus basalis
hippocampus
The ventricles, central canal, and subarachnoid space are all
part of teh forebrain
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
involved with cognitive functioning
filled with blood
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Meningitis is an inflammation of the
cerebrospinal fluid
glia
membranes surrounding the brain
medulla oblongata
membranes surrounding the brain
Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord are called
CSF
ventricles
meninges
hydrocephali
meninges
A function of the cerebrospinal fluid is to
cushion the brain
hold blood in reserve for emergencies
maintain the blood-brain barrier
synthesize neurotransmitters
cushion the brain
What causes hydrocephalaus?
poorly developed skull bones in an infant
interruption of blood flow to the brain around the time of birth
obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
damage to one of the cranial nerves
obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
