Module 5- The Texas Revolution Flashcards
Chapter 9: - Difficulties in Mexico - First Conflicts - The Road to REvolution - Conflicts b/w Texas and Mexico - Austin's 1st Mission to Mexico Chapter 10: - The Texas Revolution BEgins - The 1st Battle -Consultation of 1835 - The Winter of 1835-1836 - Attacking San Antonio de Bexar - The Convention of 1836 Chapter 11: - Clash of Armies - Travis vs Crockett - The Alamo - Defeat in South Texas
Vocab
Land speculator
A person who buys land with the hope of selling it for a large profit.
Vocab
scheme
A secret plan, perhaps dishonest, to achieve a goal.
decree
an order that has the force of law
Vocab
duty
A tax on imported goods.
commerce
the buying and selling of goods and services
Vocab
resolution
a formal statement of an opinion made by an official group.
enforce
to apply a rule or law; to carry out by force
skirmish
a minor fight, usually during wartime
import
to bring in goods from foreign countries
Delegate
A representative of a group attending a formal meeting.
epidemic
A situation in which a disease spreads rapidly through a population
temporary
Lasting a short time.
repeal
A recall or do away with a law.
Dictator
A ruler with absolute power.
Military
the armed forces
campaign
a military operation
Committees of Correspondence
a local group formed to share political and military information with other communities
Parley
A brief truce between enemies so both parties can discuss issues.
Siege
A military blockade of a city or fortress.
committee of correspondence
A local group formed to share political and military information with other communities.
adopt
to accept formally
veto
to reject a bill passed by the legislature
ad interim
for the time between
petition
a formal written request to a government to take some action or change a policy
allocate
to give to or assign to
Community property
property obtained during the course of marriage
recruit
to enlist people into the armed services
Bowie Knife
a large hunting knife used on the frontiers of the United States in the early 1830s
garrison
the soldiers at a military post
fortify
to strengthen defenses
bombard
to attack continuously with cannon fire
compound
a walled-in area containing 1 or more buildings
civilian
a person not in the armed services
refuge
shelter
Lorenzo de Zavala
A Mexican patriot who came to support Texas independence. In the 1810s, he began promoting democracy for Mexico. He helped write the Mexican Constitution of 1824. Spanish authorities arrested him and held him in prison for several years. After his release, he joined the Mexican independence movement.
Haden Edwards
The Mexican government awarded a vast tract of land in East Texas to Edwards, an empresario. The land grant allowed Edwards to settle 800 families in the Nacogdoches area.
Chapter 9 Assessment
Benjamin Edwards
Haden’s brother. Enlisting the support of Richard Fields, a Cherokee chief, Benjamin and a small band of followers proclaimed the creation of a new independent state. They called it the Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence on December 21, 1826. They raised a red and white flag bearing the words “Independence, Liberty, Justice” and prepared to defend themselves in a building called the Old Stone Fort.
Samuel Norris
He is an candidate that is trying to become Mayor for Nacogdoches.
Chichester Chaplin
He was also trying to run for Mayor. He was the one that got elected for Mayor.
Jose Antonio Saucedo
He was a Mexican official that Edwards went and complained to.
Benjamin Edwards
He was Haden’s brother. He stepped in and he enlisted support of Richard Fields and the two of them came up and proclaimed the creation of a new independent state. They called it the Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence.
Richard fields
He was a Cherokee chief and sighed Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence.
Stephen F. Austin
He helped the Mexican government put down the revolt.
General Manuel de Mier y Teran
He was sent from the Mexican officials to inspect Texas. After two months, he wrote a report. He expressed concern about the growing American influence in Texas.
Chapter 9 Assessment
Anastacio Bustamante
He was a Centralist president and was unpopular with Texans. The Texans believed his Centralist rule went against the Mexican constitution.
Chapter 9 Assessment
Colonel Jose de las Piedras
He controlled the Mexican garrison at Nacogdoches , arrived at Anahuac.
Chapter 10 Assessment
William H. Wharton and Rafael Manchola
Austin sent them to inform the Mexican Government about their proposals.
Chapter 10 Assessment
Henry Smith
part of The War Party, along with Wharton. They believed that Texas could no longer remain under Mexico’s rule. Delegates chose him as Governor of the “Provision Government” formed after The Consulation of 1835.
Chapter 10 Assessment
James Robinson
Delegates chose him as Lieutenant Governor of the “Provision Government” formed after The Consulation of 1835.
in 1836, after Governor Smith vetoed the proposed convention, and tried to dissolve the council, the council declared Smith was no longer Governor and appointment Robinson as head of state.
Learning Log
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
in 1832, he was a Federalist who led a revolte against Centralist president Bustamante. He had promised to follow the Mexican Constitution of 1824. He became president of Mexica in 1832. The Texans supported Santa Anna and Mexico’s Federalists.
By late 1833, he made it clear he would not accept separate statehood for Texas.
in 1835, he ingnored the Constitution of 1824 and made himself dictator.
Fredonian Rebellion
Benjamin Haden and a small band of followers proclaimed the creation of a new independent state. They called it the Republic of Fredonia and signed a Declaration of Independence on December 21, 1826. They raised a red and white flag bearing the words “Independence, Liberty, Justice” and prepared to defend themselves in a building called the Old Stone Fort. Haden was then was accused of crime and then taken away, along with Norris. Then the rebels chose someone else to take Norris’s place.
Mier y Teran Report
Mexican officials were worried about Texas and how the they assumed that the Anglo Americans were going to take it if they let them come over. They sent out an inspector party to Texas. He recommended several steps
Peter W. Grayson and Spencer H. Jack
They were both Lawyers trying to get Austin out of Imprisonment.
Colonel Juan Almonte
after Santa Anna’s reforms were rolled out in Texas, Almonte was sent in 1834 to inspect Texas. He then reported that all was quiet in Texas and urged that reform be continued. He also recommended Austin be released from prison.
Juan Seguin
became Captain of Texas Army during the Texas REvolution. after San Antonio was captured, he served in teh Alamo.
in 1837, he was the only Tejano to serve in the Senate of the Republic of Texas
was mayor of San Antonio in 1840
Andrew Briscoe
He was a store owner and claimed that the taxes were not being collected in other ports.
Anahuac’s garrison and Antonio Tenorio
Anahuac was a commander and Antonio was a Captain. They were tricked by Andrew Briscoe.
Marin Perfecto de Cos
Santa Anna’s brother in law and commander of the Mexican forces in Coahuila. General Cos was upset by the fiery words and aggressive acts of the Texans. He then ordered the Texans to be arrested. Cos also ordered the arrest of Lorenzo de Zavala.
Chapter 9 & 10 Assessment
Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea
Mexican commander; would not let John Austin and his group pass with canon at Velasco, and fighting began. The Battle of Velasco was brief but bloody. when Mexican soldiers ran out of ammunition, Ugartechea surrendered.
in 1835, he sent soldiers to Gonzales to retrieve the canon, and started the Battle of Gonzales.
Chapter 10 Assessment
William B. Travis
He favored an immediate declaration of independence from Mexico, even if it meant war.
Lieutenant Colonel of the Texan Army. He led the charge to defend the Alamo.
he wrote the “Victory or Death” letter to the US and Texans.
Benjamin Milam
an empresario who gathered 300 volunteers to attack the Mexicans at San Antonio during the Battle of San Antonio de Bexar.
Juan N. Austin and James Bowie
They were the ones who led company of Tejanos, or Texans of Mexican descent.
Chapter 11 Assessment
James Bowie
colonel Bowie was ordered to go to the Alamo and inspect and decide if it could be defended. he agreed with Colonel James Neill that it should be defended. Gov Smith rejected Sam Houston’s advice to abandon the Alamo and sided with Bowie.
also, Bowie Knife
Francis W. Johnson
fought alongside Milam in the Battle of San Antonio de Bexar. took over and finished the fight after Milam was killed
Chapter 10 Assessment
Edward Burleson of Mina
he replaced Stephen Austin as Commander of Army of the People in Nov 1835
Chapter 10 Assessment
Jose Antonio Navarro and Jose Francisco Ruise
the only 2 (of 59) delegates at the Convention of 1836 that were native Texans.
Chapter 11 Assessment
David Crockett
a skilled sharpshooter and hunter who had been a colonel in the Tennessee militia. Was nearly 50 years old when he came to Texas to help Texan troops defend the Alamo.
George Childress
originally from Tennessee, had made the motion to write a declaration and was named chairman of the committee to write it. Historians generally agree that he was the declaration’s sole author
Andrea Villanueva
the longest living survivor of the Alamo. Sam Houston wrote to her and asked her to care for ill Jim Bowie.
Law of April 6, 1830
The new law was a big help to the Mexicans and also suspended empresario’s contracts. They have established new forts for the soldiers to prevent smuggling, slavery, and illegal inspection
Turtle Bayou Resolutions
This resolution was declaring Texas their loyalty to Mexico but not to the Mexican government.
Battle of Velasco
This battle was brief but bloody. Several men died on each side. Texas lead by John Austin. Ugartechea was leading Mexico. A dozen or so wounded on each side. The Mexicans surrendered because of the shortage of ammunition.
Convention of 1832
The fifty-five delegate from Anglo American settlements met at a convention in San Felipe. Stephen Fi. Austin was leading them as their president. They sent William H. Wharton and Rafael Manchola to present their proposals to the Mexican Government. None of the proposals were ever presented.
Convention of April of1833
The Anglo American called the convention and then Sam Houston came to represent Nachodoges. They wanted Texas to become an Independent state of Mexico. They then drew it up and brought the constitution to Mexico.
Convention of 1833 Declined!
Stephen F. Austin, Dr. James B. Miller, and Erasmo Seguin were chosen to present the constitution for the state of Texas in Mexico City. Seguin declined the assignment. As a result, Austin made the trip to Mexico City alone.
Austin’s Arrest 1834
Austin made the long trip to Mexico city. He was going to deliver resolution to the Mexican Government. He was then arrested because the letter he sent made the Vice president think it was a rebellion. He then was released form prison by his friend and lawyers.
Texas During Austin’s Absence 1833
While Austin was away, a huge pandemic hit Mexico. The pandemic killed over 80 people.
Trouble Erupts Again 1835
Trouble broke out again around Anahuac. The people of the town were angry that Mexican officials had begun forcing them to pay duties on imports.
General Cos Responds 1824
General Cos was upset for the Texans aggressive acts. He then ordered them arrested along with Travis . He also wanted those arrested to be turned over to the military for trail. The demand came on Santa Anna’s orders. Santa Anna then seemed that he was no federalist, he was a turning into a centralist.
The Call for a Consultation 1835
Cos actions caused a great concerns for the Texans. The Texans believed that the crimes should be tried in civilian court, not a military court. Columbia issued a call for a convention so the people could discuss the situation. These meeting was then called the Consultation, Texans were divided on the idea of the Consultation. One group was called the Peace Party and the other the War Party.
Why did the first battle happen.
Santa Anna ignored the constitution and made himself dictator. Then Texan radicals were becoming disloyal to Mexico. General Cos sent in more troops. Increased Mexican military power in Texas.
The Battle of Gonzales
It was the first conflict between Texas and Mexico. It launched a fight for Texans Independence.
The Army of People
300 Texan who had gathered in Gonzales who marched towards San Antonio. Stephen F. Austin was the leader of the Army of People. As they marched, more joined and growing the army to almost 400 Texans!
Texas Consults 1835
This Consultation was post-pond to the next month. When the consultation began in 1835 the delegate faced an important decision. Should they side with Federalist in Mexico who opposed Santa Anna and work to fix the rights granted in the Constitution of 1824 or should they seek independence form Mexico?
War or Peace 1835
The War Party is going against Santa Anna and they do not want to be under Mexico rules anymore. The Peace Party are also going against Santa Anna but they were not ready to declare Independence. They wanted the Consultation to fucose on bringing back the Mexican Constitution of 1824.
Votes Are Cast
14 delegates voted for Independence and 33 against it. They adopted a statement called the “Declaration of the people of Texas”.
Provisional Government Formed
The delegates decided on
a government made up of: Governor, lieutenant governor, and General council. It lacked clearly defined roles and the government had opposing views, so they often quarreled.
Preparing for War
Sam Houston was the commander for the official army. The Consultations chose Stephen Austin to go to the US and secure the troops, money, and supplies to carry out war for independence from Mexico.
The “Grass Fight”
Erastus “Deaf” Smith alerted the Texans that a Mexican cavalry was approaching; the Texans thought there was silver in their bags. The Texan cagalry and infantry attacked and forced the Mexicans to flee back to San Antonio. when the Texans got back to their camp, they found grass in the bags (not silver). the grass was to feed Cos’ cattle.
Battle of San Antonio de Béxar
Burleson was thinking of retreating b/c his men were hungry and winter was approaching. but then he heard Mexican morale was low and defeat was possible. Burleson decided not to attack. Benjamin Milam disagreed with him. Milam gathered 300 volunteers and fought alongside Francis W. Johnson. the battle lasted 4 days. they pushed the Mexican army into town, into the Alamo. Cos’ surrendered, and promised Texans he would not fight colonists or the Constitution of 1824. This is big victory for texas: they now hold the Alamo and the presidio at Goliod. and Mexican troops left Texas soil (retreated south of Rio Grande).
Tejanos and African Americans Fight for Texas
some tejanos stayed neutral, others sided with Cos, but most served under Juan Seguin, an important Tejano figure.
after african americans were freed from slavery, a small number of African Americans moved to Texas seeking a better life.
Chapter 10 Assessment
The Matamoros Expedition
Texans wanted to take over the port at Matamoros. it could give them income to pay for the war. Philip Dimmitt volunteered to lead it, with Sam Houston’s support, but Francis W. Johnson, the leader of the Army of the People at San Antonio, also wanted to lead it. Governor smith vetoed JOhnson but then the Council overrode the veto. JOhnson took command. but then they heard Santa Ana was sending troops to take back the Alamo so nothing ever happened at Matamoros.
Call for a Convention
the Council wanted to hold a Convention for the people in March 1836. Gov Smith vetoed it and the Council overrode his veto. then Gov Smith tried to dissolve/get rid of the Council. the council responded by replacing him with Lieutenant Governor James Robinson as head of state.
During the month of February 1836, Texas was virtually without a government.
Convention of 1836
The Convention of 1836 marked the fourth time that Texans had met to debate the status of Texas as a part of Mexico. Only two of the 59 delegates were native Texans. others were from the U.S. and had moved to texas. the delegates chose Richard Ellis as chairman and set out to write a declaration of independence. what came out of it?
1. write Declaration of Independence (Childress)
2. write Constitution for the new Republic of Texas
3. law requiring all males b/w 17 to 50 years to serve in Texas Army
4. those in army received land grants for their service
Richard Ellis
elected chairman of the Convention of 1836
H.S. Kimbell
elected secretary of the Convention of 1836
March 2, 1836
March 2 became Texas Independence Day; this was the day that the delegates presented the Declaration of Independence and the convention approved it same day.
Republic
A republic is a government in which citizens rule through elected representatives—unlike the dictatorship established by Santa Anna.
Declaring Independence
This is when all the delegates at the convention approved of the Declaration of Independence.
Models for a New Government
Delegates were very familiar with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson.
Looking to American Government
The US Declaration of Independence begins with a justification of the Patriots’ actions.
The Three Protections Unique to Texas Law
- The documents recognized both husbands and wives as able to own community property.
- Certain property could not be seized as payment of debts.
- Minsters and Priests were barred from holding public office.
Texas Constitution & Declaration vs US
Texas Declaration was based on Santa Anna violating their liberties under Mexican Constitution of 1824. such as: free of religion, right to trial by jury, right to bear arms and right to petition the government.
Limits on Rights
Slaves: made slavery legal, and people moving to texas were allowed to bring in slaves. they were denied the right to be freed.
African Americans: weren’t permitted to live in Texas without permission from legislature. they were not free to live in the state that they helped to liberate!
Native Americans: were left out of the constitution. Sam Houston was an adopted member of the Cherokee nation and tried to give them rights to their lands but Convention did not approve it.
Ad Interim Government 1836
The new leaders included the first president, David G. Burnet.
Sam Houston was elected by unanimous vote as commander-in-chief of the army. The convention did not repeat the mistake of the Consultation—Houston was put in charge of both the volunteers and the regular army.
Victory or Death
Steven Austin sent out a message for help from the Texans and the US.
bombarding
to attack continuously with cannon fire
Battle at the Alamo
battle began in the middle of the night on March 5, 1986
it’s estimated that as many as 1,800 Mexican troops took part in the assault.
the sheer numbers of the Mexican force were simply too much for the brave, but few, Texan defenders. The third assault of Mexican troops reached the walls. Travis was killed in fighting on the North Wall. All around the mission, the Texans were forced to pull back into the compound, as Santa Anna’s troops stormed over the walls
Santa Anna reported 600 Texan defenders killed. Historians believe about 190 is more accurate. Among the dead were Travis, Bowie, and Crockett.
Jose de Urrea
Santa Anna had divided his army into two parts to invade Texas. The forces directly under his command had marched toward San Antonio. General José de Urrea led the other part of the Mexican army with about 1,000 soldiers, from Matamoros up to South Texas.
The Battle of Coleto
On March 14, Fannin received orders from Houston to retreat toward Guadalupe Victoria. Fannin’s withdrawal from Goliad was badly managed. Instead of dumping heavy cannons in the river, as Houston had instructed, he took them along. This slowed his army. then on March 19 he allowed his soldiers to rest and eat, another mistake. Suddenly, Urrea’s troops appeared and surrounded the Texans. Fannin decided that there was no point in continuing to fight and lose men. He signed an agreement of surrender.
The Goliad Massacre
after the Texan surrender at the Battle of Coleto, Fannin and his men were marched back to Goliad.Urrea wrote to Santa Anna, requesting that the lives of the prisoners be spared, but Santa Anna demanded they be executed. On March 27, All able-bodied prisoners were divided into three columns and marched out onto the prairie and shot. It is believed that about 340 Texans were killed on this day.
Senora Francita Alavez
Angel of Goliad; wife of Mexican officer who helped some Texans escape the Massacre
