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UTSC PSYA > Module 5 - Sensory & Perception > Flashcards

Module 5 - Sensory & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

The elementary parts of the environment that the brain uses to create meaning.

A

Sensations

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2
Q

The processing of stimuli to create a sensory understanding of the world

A

Perception

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3
Q

The processing of physical messages delivered to the senses

A

Bottom-up processing

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4
Q

The integration of a person’s beliefs, memories, and expectations into their sensory experiences to create a perception

A

Top-down processing

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5
Q

Outline some fundamental ways we see the world.

A

Gestalt principles of organization

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6
Q

States that objects that are close to one another will be grouped together.

A

The principle of proximity

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7
Q

States that objects that are physically similar to one another will be grouped together

A

The principle of similarity

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8
Q

States that people tend to perceive whole objects even when part of that information is missing

A

The principle of closure

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9
Q

States that if lines cross each other or are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines

A

The principle of good continuation

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10
Q

States that objects that are moving together will be grouped together

A

The principle of common fate

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11
Q

The thin layer of tissue on the back of each eye that contains the photosensitive receptor cells

A

Retina

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12
Q

The transparent covering of the eye; performs about 80% of the focusing of a visual image

A

Cornea

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13
Q

The hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter.

A

Pupil

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14
Q

The ring of pigmented tissue surrounding the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil, thereby controlling the amount of light that reaches the retina.

A

Iris

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15
Q

A flexible piece of tissue, located behind the pupil that focuses light on the retina

A

Lens

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16
Q

The process through which the lens changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina

A

Accommodation

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17
Q

These cells, also called photosensitive cells, are specifically sensitive to exposure to light.

A

Photoreceptors

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18
Q

One kind of photoreceptor in the retina; it typically is most responsive to low levels of light

A

Rod

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19
Q

A type of photoreceptor in the retina that is typically most responsive to bright lighting conditions and is responsible for communicating information about acuity and color.

A

Cone

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20
Q

The portion of the retina directly behind the pupil. It contains a large concentration of cones and no rods.

A

Fovea

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21
Q

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from the rods and send their messages to large (magno) ganglion cells.

A

Diffuse bipolar cells

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22
Q

Part of the bipolar layer of the retina. These cells receive signals from cones and send their messages to the small (parvo) ganglion cells

A

Midget bipolar cells

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23
Q

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the midget bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as parvo cells

A

Small ganglion cells (P cells)

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24
Q

Part of the ganglion layer of the retina. Receive signals from the diffuse bipolar cells. The axons of these cells leave the eye and form part of the optic nerve. Also known as magno cells.

A

Large ganglion cells (M cells)

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25
Q

An X-shaped structure where the optic nerves from each eye cross before the message is sent to the thalamus

A

Optic chiasm

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26
Q

The 6-layered portion of the thalamus that processes and organizes visual information.

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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27
Q

The location in the occipital lobe where visual information is organized and analyzed

A

Visual striate cortex

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28
Q

The spatial organization of the retinal image is maintained through the visual pathway.

A

Retinotopic organization

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29
Q

Specialized cells in the visual cortex that respond most actively to specific stimuli

A

Feature detectors

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30
Q

Feature-detecting cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations

A

Simple cells

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31
Q

Cells in the visual striate cortex that respond to lines of specific orientations in motion

A

Complex cells

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32
Q

Also known as the What stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe where we are able to identify an object

A

Ventral stream

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33
Q

Also known as the Where stream, this pathway takes information from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, where we are able to identify object location

A

Dorsal stream

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34
Q

The physical distance from one energy cycle to the next; changes in wavelength are often perceived as changes in color

A

Wavelength

35
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to short wavelengths. Ex. blues

A

Short cones (S cones)

36
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to medium wavelengths of light. Ex. greens & yellows

A

Medium wavelength cones (M cones)

37
Q

Cones in the visual system that respond maximally to long wavelengths of light. Ex. reds

A

Long wavelength cones (L cones)

38
Q

A theory of color vision that proposes that color information is identified by comparing the activation of different cones in the retina

A

Trichromatic theory

39
Q

A theory of color vision that suggests that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation when receiving information from one kind of cone and decrease their activation when they see a second color

A

Opponent process theory

40
Q

Also known as pictorial cues, these depth cues only require one eye to understand messages of depth. (2 dimensional canvas)

A

Monocular depth cues

41
Q

Occurs when one image partially blocks the view of a second object. The partially hidden object is seen as farther away than the whole object.

A

Occlusion

42
Q

Objects closer to the horizon will appear farther away, and the greater the distance between the object and the horizon, the closer the object will appear.

A

Relative height

43
Q

A common cue used in landscapes, and it is a reliable cue for depth. As parallel lines move away from us into the distance, they seem to converge or come closer together

A

Perspective convergence

44
Q

When we judge distances based on our knowledge of that object’s size. You likely see a lighthouse as far away, in part because you understand that lighthouses are not tiny.

A

Familiar size

45
Q

Occurs when more distant objects appear hazy and often have a slight blue tint, like the mountains in the distance.

A

Atmospheric perspective

b/c as the distance increases between us and an object there are more air particles, dust, pollution, etc that occupy the space between our eyes and the object, thus distorting it slightly

46
Q

These cues require comparing an image as it falls on both eyes in order to understand how far away an object is from the viewer.

A

Binocular depth cues:

47
Q

The difference between the retinal image that falls on both eyes. The brain uses disparity to calculate the distance between an individual and an object. Either when far away or close Ex. looking at something in the distance or looking at a snowflake on your nose (both eyes turn inward)

A

Retinal disparity

48
Q

The physical measurement of pitch, or how high/low a sound is. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).

A

Frequency

49
Q

The physical measurement of the loudness of a sound. This is measured in decibels (dB).

A

Intensity

50
Q

The external part of the ear.

A

Pinna

51
Q

Also known as the eardrum, this structure transfers energy to the three smallest bones of the body known as the ossicles.

A

Tympanic membrane

52
Q

The three smallest bones in the body. They are responsible for amplifying vibrations arriving at the eardrum and transmitting these signals to the oval window of the cochlea.

A

Ossicles

53
Q

A snail-shaped structure in the inner ear where the auditory hair cells are located.

A

Cochlea

54
Q

The tissue inside the cochlea where the hair cells are located.

A

Basilar membrane

55
Q

The process by which external sensations are converted into neural firing in the brain.

A

Transduction

56
Q

The sensory neurons inside the inner ear that convert sound into neural firing.

A

Hair cells (auditory)

57
Q

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the location of firing on the basilar membrane.

A

Place theory

58
Q

The theory of audition that suggests we understand pitch because of the rate of cellular firing on the basilar membrane

A

Frequency theory

59
Q

The location in the temporal lobe where auditory information is processed.

A

Auditory Cortex

60
Q

The portion of the thalamus that evaluates and organizes auditory information before sending it to the auditory cortex.

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

61
Q

The spatial organization of the basilar membrane is maintained through the auditory pathway.

A

Tonotopic organization

62
Q

Auditory cues that require comparisons from both ears to understand an object’s location

A

Binaural cues

63
Q

Comparisons made between the small differences in arrival time of a sound in each ear.

A

Interaural time differences

64
Q

The brain compares intensity differences of sound as it arrives at each ear in order to understand object location.

A

Interaural level differences

65
Q

Also known as an earworm, it is the auditory experience of an inability to dislodge a song from one’s consciousness.

A

Involuntary musical imagery

66
Q

Sensory cells in the nose that respond to air molecules that we interpret as smell and taste.

A

Chemoreceptors

67
Q

A stimulus that produces smells that can be perceived by the nose.

A

Odorant

68
Q

The tissue that contains the chemoreceptors of the nose.

A

Olfactory mucosa:

69
Q

Neurons that are specifically responsive to odorants.

A

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORN)

70
Q

The little bumps on the surface of the tongue where taste buds are located.

A

Papillae

71
Q

The location of taste-sensitive cells on the tongue.

A

Taste pore

72
Q

The region of the brain that analyzes both taste and smell.

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

73
Q

The location in the parietal lobe where touch and motion are processed

A

Somatosensory cortex

74
Q

Receptors in the skin that sense different kinds of pressure.

A

Mechanoreceptors

75
Q

The spatial organization of touch; two adjacent points on your skin are represented by adjacent points on the somatosensory cortex.

A

Somatotopic organization

76
Q

A visual depiction of what our bodies would look like if they were built in proportion to their representation on the cortex.

A

Sensory homunculus:

77
Q

Receptors in the skin specifically designed to detect changes in temperature.

A

Thermoreceptors

78
Q

A theory of pain perception that suggests that painful stimuli can be blocked in the spinal cord when you are engaged in other activities.

A

Gate-control theory of pain

79
Q

This term refers to our sense of where our bodies are in space and how to move the body to accomplish specific tasks

A

Kinesthetic sense

80
Q

Also known as our sense of balance.

A

Vestibular sense

81
Q

The structures in the inner ear that sense changes in acceleration and the rotation of the head.

A

Semicircular canals

82
Q

The sensory neurons inside the vestibular sacs that convert information about gravity into neural firing.

A

Hair cells (vestibular)

83
Q

The structures in the inner ear that respond to cues associated with balance and posture

A

Vestibular sacs

UTSC PSYA (4 decks)

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