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UTSC PSYA > Module 2 - Methods > Flashcards

Module 2 - Methods Flashcards

1
Q

The belief or theory that reason is the key source of knowledge

A

Rationalism

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2
Q

Facts or information collected, examined, and considered for decision-making processes.

A

Data

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3
Q

Rational explanations to describe and predict future behavior.

A

Scientific theories

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4
Q

A six-step method of acquiring knowledge and methodologically answering questions.

A

Scientific method

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5
Q

A term referring to a ‘do-over’ of a study using the same methods, but different subjects and investigators

A

Replication

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6
Q

Any means to capture, record, or otherwise, describe a group. These methods are concerned with identifying ‘what is’ rather than ‘why it is.’

A

Descriptive methods

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7
Q

A research method in which a researcher becomes part of the group under investigation.

A

Participant observation

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8
Q

Observation of behavior as it happens, without an attempt to manipulate or control the subjects’ natural environment

A

Naturalistic observation

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9
Q

An experiment that takes place in ‘real-world’ settings in which a researcher manipulates and controls the conditions of the behavior under observation.

A

Field experiments

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10
Q

An in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual.

A

Case study

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11
Q

A medical procedure to remove or otherwise destroy tissue.

A

Ablation

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12
Q

A part of the cerebral cortex known to play a role in the transference of certain types of memories into long-term memory stores.

A

Hippocampus

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13
Q

A part of the cerebral cortex found on the ventral part of the temporal lobes and known to play a role in behavior and memory.

A

Entorhinal cortex

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14
Q

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as the motor skills involved in walking and riding a bicycle.

A

Procedural memories

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15
Q

A method using questions to collect information on how people think or act.

A

Survey

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16
Q

All members of a group.

A

Population

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17
Q

A subset (or portion) of a population.

A

Sample

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18
Q

A sample that deviates from a true representation of a population.

A

Sampling error

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19
Q

An unfair or unequal representation of a person or thing

A

Bias

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20
Q

The influence of language, or wording, on people’s responses to survey questions

A

Wording effects

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21
Q

The tendency for people to answer the question the way they feel they are expected to answer or in systematic ways that are otherwise inaccurate.

A

Response bias

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22
Q

The tendency for participants to agree or respond “yes” to all questions regardless of their actual opinions

A

Acquiescent response bias

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23
Q

Participants respond to questions in ways that would be seen as acceptable by others.

A

Socially desirable bias

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24
Q

The tendency to describe our own behavior as better than average

A

Illusory superiority

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25
Q

A bias whereby only a motivated fraction of a population respond to a survey or participate in research

A

Volunteer bias

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26
Q

A set of principles or standards of behavior for psychologists to follow in research.

A

Research ethics

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27
Q

A concept of research ethics whereby researchers strive to do ‘good’ in a research study.

A

Beneficence

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28
Q

The act of doing harm

A

Maleficence

29
Q

The ethical principle of developing trusting relationships between researchers and participants.

A

Fidelity

30
Q

An ethical principle that psychologists should engage in accurate, honest, and unbiased practices in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.

A

Integrity

31
Q

An ethical principle in research whereby those people who participate in the research process should also be the same people who stand to benefit from the research outcomes.

A

Justice

32
Q

The extent to which research findings in the lab can be generalized to the real world.

A

ecological validity

33
Q

An attribute of participants that is necessary to be a part of a research study.

A

Inclusion criterion

34
Q

An attribute of a person that would prevent them from participating in research study.

A

Exclusion criteria

35
Q

The combination of inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a set of characteristics shared by all participants that ensure that those participating will meaningfully help to address the research question.

A

Eligibility criteria

36
Q

A committee of independent people who review and assess whether a research project will be carried out in a way that is consistent with general ethical principles.

A

Institutional Review Board

37
Q

The process by which research participants learn about and understand the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of participating in a research study.

A

Informed consent

38
Q

Any group of individuals who may not be able to provide free and informed consent to participate in research

A

Vulnerable populations

39
Q

Instances that diminish a potential participant’s capacity to provide informed consent

A

Decisional impairment

40
Q

When the freedom of ‘choice’ to participate in research is compromised as a result of undue influence from another source.

A

Situational vulnerability

41
Q

A person’s affirmative permission to take part in a research study. In cases of decisional impairment, assent must be obtained in addition to informed consent

A

Assent

42
Q

The act of withholding information about the purpose and procedures of the study during the informed consent process

A

Deception

43
Q

A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is another researcher.

A

Confederate

44
Q

A measure (denoted as r) that captures the direction and strength of a relationship between variables

A

Correlation

45
Q

A type of graph that has one variable on the x-axis (the horizontal axis) and the other variable on the y-axis (the vertical axis) and provides a visual representation of relationships between variables

A

Scatterplot

46
Q

When variables change in the same direction; as one variable increases, the other variable increases, or as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases.

A

Positive correlation

47
Q

Variables that change in the opposite direction. An increase in one variable leads to a decrease in the other

A

Negative correlation

48
Q

Two variables that exhibit no apparent relationship

A

Zero correlation

49
Q

A straight line on a scatterplot showing the general relationship of data points

A

Line of best fit

50
Q

A numerical representation of the strength of the relationship between variables (denoted as r)

A

Correlation coefficient

51
Q

Other variables that may influence one or both variables that we are measuring, thereby influencing the correlation coefficient.

A

Confounding variable

52
Q

An educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment.

A

Hypothesis

53
Q

How a researcher decides to measure a variable.

A

Operational definition

54
Q

What we expect to find if this idea is correct

A

Experimental hypothesis

55
Q

The variable that the experimenter will manipulate, and it must contain at least two levels.

A

Independent variable

56
Q

The variable(s) the experimenter counts or measures.

A

Dependent variable

57
Q

Any variable that is not the focus of study, but may influence the outcome of research if not controlled.

A

Extraneous variables

58
Q

Every individual in the population has an equal chance of participating

A

Simple random sample

59
Q

two or more identifiable subgroups in the population, divides the population first by subgroups, and then randomly takes samples in proportion to the population of interest

A

Stratified random sample

60
Q

not all individuals are equally likely to participate.

A

Non-random sample

61
Q

A group of individuals that are only selected because of a pre-existing condition, convenience, or easy access to participation.

A

Convenience sample

62
Q

the group that receives the treatment/drug of interest.

A

Experimental group

63
Q

the group that does not receive the treatment/drug of interest

A

Control group

64
Q

The thought of taking a drug that enhances our memory may lead to subtle psychological effects that make us pay closer attention to what we are memorizing.

A

Placebo effect

65
Q

The degree to which results may be attributable to the independent variable rather than some other effect of our experiment. (was the experiment done right?)

A

Internal validity

66
Q

The degree to which a result can be applied beyond the scope of the experiment.

A

External validity

67
Q

The external validity of how the results from an experiment can apply to other settings

A

Generalization

68
Q

Information provided to participants about what the researcher was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question.

A

debriefing

69
Q

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience.

A

Semantic Memories

UTSC PSYA (4 decks)

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