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Psych 1000 > Module 5 - Sensation, Perception And Conciousness > Flashcards

Module 5 - Sensation, Perception And Conciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by our sensory organs, which is then relayed to the brain

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2
Q

5 Sensations

A

Seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling

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3
Q

Perception

A

Putting all sensations together and interpreting inputs

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4
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Taking information, assembling it and integrating it

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5
Q

Top-down processing

A

Using models, ideas and expectations to interpret sensory information

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6
Q

Reception

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat)

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7
Q

Transduction

A

Transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses

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8
Q

Transmission

A

Delivering neural information to brain to be processed

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum level or stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time

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10
Q

Subliminal

A

Below our threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus, but still registered by the sensory organ

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11
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference for a person to be able to detect the difference

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Two stimuli to be perceived as different they must differ by a constant minimum percentage and not a constant amount

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13
Q

Signal Ditection Theory

A

Whether or not we detect a stimulus particularly with background noise

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14
Q

What does detection depend on?

A

Psychological Factors; alertness, expectations, motivation and sensory experience

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15
Q

Gestalt

A

Understand laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perception in a chaotic world

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16
Q

Law of Pragnaz

A

Perceive stimuli in our environment in their simplest form

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17
Q

Proximity

A

Physically close to each other tend to be unified as wholes

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18
Q

Similarity

A

Similar to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes

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19
Q

Continuity

A

Intersection between objects tend to be perceived as two single uninterrupted entities

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20
Q

Closure

A

Parts combined to make wholes

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21
Q

Symmetry

A

Perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes

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22
Q

Common faith

A

Perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion

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23
Q

Figure-ground

A

Centre of our attention, we ignore the background

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24
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Many types of wave but our eyes only respond to some (colour)

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25
Q

Wavelength

A

Colour or hue

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26
Q

Amplitude

A

Intensity or brightness

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27
Q

Long wavelength

A

Red

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28
Q

Short wavelength

A

Blue

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29
Q

Large amplitude

A

Bright

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30
Q

Small amplitude

A

Dull

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31
Q

Key Structures of the Eye

A
  • Lens
  • Pupil
  • Iris
  • Blind Spot
  • Optic Nerve
  • Fovea
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32
Q

Cornea

A

Focused and inverted

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33
Q

Retina

A

Transduction

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34
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Rods and Cones - light receivers

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35
Q

Photoreceptors - Step 1

A

Light entering eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina

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36
Q

Photoreceptors - Step 2

A

bipolar cells activated

37
Q

Photoreceptors - Step 3

A

Bipolar cell activate ganglion cells, the axons of which converge to form optic nerve

38
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Transmits information to the visual cortex in the brain

39
Q

Ganglion Cells

A

Object recognition

40
Q

Supercells

A

Recognize more complex forms of

41
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

A

Assumes three types of colour receptor (red, green and blue)

42
Q

What happens when some type of cones are missing

A

Colour-blindness

43
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Neural process based on sets of complementary colours (pairs inhibit each other)
- White - black
- Yellow - blue
- Red - green

44
Q

Which Theory is Correct?

A

They’re both supported
Young-Helmontz Thichromatic Theory - Receptor Level
Opponent Process theory - Ganglion Cells and Visual Cortex

45
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Require one eye to perceive depth

46
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Lines converge to a common point at a distance

47
Q

Relative Size

A

More distant objects look smaller

48
Q

Texture GRadient

A

Texture becomes less apparent the further it is

49
Q

Interposition

A

Closer objects black view from objects further away

50
Q

High in Plane

A

Distant objects are higher and closer objects are lower

51
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

Eye transmits different information for near objects, ut become similar the further away objects are

52
Q

Binocular convergence

A
  • When we ook at nearby objects our eyes converge together
  • brain can track eye muscle movement to estimate distance
53
Q

Parallel Processes

A

Building perceptions out of sensory details processed in different areas of the brain at the same time

54
Q

Consciousness

A
  • Perceptions
  • Subjective Experiences
  • Intentionality
  • Self-awareness
55
Q

What does attention do?

A

guide perception

56
Q

Broadent’s filter theory of attention

A

Attention is a bottleneck through which information passes

57
Q

Selective Attention

A

What we focus on is what we consciously perceive

58
Q

Selective Inattention

A

Failure to notice part of our environment when our attention is directed elsewhere

59
Q

Subliminal consciousness

A

Below threshold for being reliably able to consciously detect stimulus but still registered by the sensory organ

60
Q

Does subliminal influence work

A

Yes, for a short period of time when all distractions are removed

61
Q

Naive Realism

A

False belief that our senses are infallible and that our perceptions off representations of the world

62
Q

unconscious “low” track

A
  • Bottom up
  • below the absolute threshold but still registered by sensory organ
  • doesn’t require attention
  • automatic actions
63
Q

Conscious “high” track

A
  • top down
  • above the absolute threshold
  • requires attention
  • leads to deliberate actions based on what we recognize in our environment
64
Q

Context effects

A

Provides us basis for expectations

65
Q

Perceptual SEt

A

What we expect to see influences what we do see (top-down processing)

66
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Ability to perceive objects as having constant, shape, size and colour despite changes in perspective

67
Q

Automatic Variations (examples)

A

Daydreaming, drowsiness, sleep and dreams

68
Q

Physiological Variations (examples)

A

Hallucinations, lack of oxygen and orgasms

69
Q

Psychological Variations (examples)

A

Sensory deprivations, hypnosis and mindfulness meditations

70
Q

Consciousness during sleep

A

Not a single state but multiple states that vary in frequency, amplitude and regularity (measured with EEG)

71
Q

Awake and Active

A
  • Beta Waves
  • High Frequency
  • Low Amplitude
72
Q

Awake and Calm

A
  • Alpha Waves
  • Lower frequency then beta
  • higher amplitude then beta
73
Q

Stage 1 and 2

A
  • Theta waves
  • Lower frequency then alpha
  • larger amplitude than alpha
74
Q

Stage 3 and 4

A
  • Slow-wave sleep
  • Delta waves
  • very low frequency
  • high amplitude and regular
75
Q

Stage 5

A
  • REM
  • Brain activity increases
  • beta and alpha re-appear
  • heart rate and respiration increase
  • dreaming
76
Q

What does REM sleep deprivation lead to

A

REM rebound

77
Q

What happens during 90 minute cycle?

A

Slow wave sleep decreases and time spent in REM increases

78
Q

Why do we sleep - 4 reasons

A
  • Protection: hidden without movement
  • Recover: restore and repair brain tissue
  • Consolidation: build and rebuild memories
  • Growth: growth hormones are released
79
Q

Effects of sleep deprivation

A
  • decreased concentration
  • impaired memory
  • impaired emotional regulation
  • impaired immune system
80
Q

improving sleep

A
  • regular schedule
  • decrease stimulation before bed
  • exercise
  • avoid naps
  • reassure yourself
  • avoid quick fixes
81
Q

Psychoactive substances

A

Naturally or artificially created substances that alter the state of consciousness, perception, mood, and/or the regulation of behaviour

82
Q

Stimulants

A
  • Euphoria
  • increased energy
  • lower inhibition
  • increased dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine activity
  • ex. Cocaine
83
Q

Hallucinogens

A
  • distortion of sensory and perceptual experiences
  • leads to fear, panic and paranoia
  • increased serotonin
  • block glutamate receptors
  • ex. Ketamine
84
Q

Depressants

A
  • Drowsiness, relaxation sleep
  • increase GABA activity
  • release of endorphines
  • ex. Heroin
85
Q

Physical Dependence

A

Physical needs of a drug that has painful withdrawal symptoms (changes in physiological processes)

86
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Repeated experience of positive emotions and reduction of negative emotions during the administration of a drug

87
Q

Addiction

A

Involuntary servitude to obtain a substance, caused by physical and psychological dependence

88
Q

alcohol

A
  • stimulant, hallucinogenic and a depressant
  • facilitates GABA activity
  • endorphin release
  • tolerance builds so dependence is high
89
Q

Drinking

A
  • accumulates in blood and body tissues to get to liver
  • No safe amount

Psych 1000 (5 decks)

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