Module 1 - Introducing Psychological Science

Question 1

What is Psychology

Answer 1

Study of behaviour, thought, experience and how they can be affected by physical, mental, social and environmental factors

Question 2

Scientific Method

Answer 2

Way of learning about the world through collecting observations, explaining theory and to make predictions

Question 3

3. Hypothesis

Answer 3

Making testable predictions about processes that can be observed and measured (Has to be falsifiable and supported or rejected NOT proved)

Question 4

Pseudoscience

Answer 4

Idea that is presented as science but does not utilize principles of scientific thinking or procedure

Question 5

2. Theories

Answer 5

Explanation for a broad range of observations that generates new hypothesis and integrates numerous findings into a coherent whole
The quality of theory is NOT related to the number of people who believe it to be true

Question 6

The biopsychosocial model

Answer 6

Behaviour as psychological, biological and sociocultural factors

Question 7

Aristotle’s Endeavours

Answer 7

Trying to understand relationship between body and psyche

Question 8

How did Wilhelm Wundt perform his work

Answer 8

1. Measured observations that rely on introspection 2. Experiments

Question 9

Introspection

Answer 9

Describing feelings and thoughts

Question 10

Structuralism

Answer 10

Edward Titchener
Using introspection reporting sensations and elements of experience in relation to stimuli that break down mental processes
(First school of thought)

Question 11

Functionalism

Answer 11

William James
Focuses on the outcome of mental processes, how our body reacts to stimuli and translates that to our behaviours

Question 12

Behaviourism

Answer 12

B.F Skinner
Focuses on behaviours as the only way to derive general principles of psych among consistent behavioural patterns through conditioning (interaction with the environment)

Question 13

Cognitivism

Answer 13

Jean Piaget
How the mind receives, processes, organizes, stores, and retrieves information

Question 14

What induces bias

Answer 14

• Helps us function
• Helps make decisions
• Protects how we view the world
• Easy, effortless, quick and satisfactory

Question 15

3 Attitudes Towards Understanding

Answer 15

• Curiosity
• Skepticism
• Humility

Question 16

Critical Thinking

Answer 16

• Asses nature and quality of the source of informations
• Question your own biases
• Avoid emotional reasoning and oversimplification
• Tolerate ambiguity
• Generate alternate explanations

Question 17

Quantitative Approach Steps

Answer 17

1. Phenomenon
2. Theory
3. Hypothesis
4. Collect Data
5. Test Hypothesis
6. Share the findings and mobilize the knowledge
   (Steps 2-5 can be repeated in order until conclusions are made for step 6)

Question 18

1. Phenomenon

Answer 18

Something observed - interesting enough to be bases of research

Question 19

4. Collect Data

Answer 19

Quantitive research to examine hypothesis, with many different methods and types
Ex. Self-report surveys, observations, “big data”

Question 20

5. Test Hypothesis

Answer 20

• Statistical analysis of tests to support theory or not support theory
• draw conclusions (suggests not proves)

Question 21

6. Knowledge Mobilization

Answer 21

• Tell others in journal and receive peer critique
• Decide best method to reach target audience (ex. Social media, papers, journals, blogs, documentaries, etc.)

Question 22

6 Key Principles of Scientific Theory

Answer 22

1. Falsifiability - Can it be disproved?
2. Replicability - Can the results be duplicated?
3. Extraordinary Claims - Is evidence as strong as the claim?
4. Occam’s Razor - Does a simple explanation explain the data just as well?
5. Ruling out Rival Hypothesis - Are there alternative explanations?
   for the finding been excluded?
6. Correlation vs. Causation (Codependency) - Do we know that one is causing the other?

Question 23

Replication

Answer 23

Process of repeating a study, sometimes using same/similar protocol but never identical

Question 24

Knowledge Mobilization

Answer 24

Putting knowledge generated through research to active use
(People and communities, knowledge producers, knowledge users, application and implementation and evaluation)

Question 25

Peer Review

Answer 25

Subjecting researchers work to the scrutiny of other who are experts in the same field

Question 26

Main principles of ethical research

Answer 26

• Clear benefits of the research to society that outweigh the risk imposed on participants
• participants need to have the opportunity to provide informed consent

Question 27

Tri-Council Policy

Answer 27

3 Canadian research ethics group that the research has to abide by

Question 28

Research Ethics board (REB)

Answer 28

Committee of researchers and officials at an institution charged with the protection of research participants

Question 29

Why is it important to do ethical research

Answer 29

• well-being of participants
• maintain the public’s trust
• ensure the proper advancement of science

Question 30

GOOD WORK!!! YOU’RE LOCKED IN!!!

Here’s a little joke!

What happens to a cow during an earthquake????

Answer 30

It becomes a milk shake!

Hehe ok good luck with your studying…