Module 5 Notes Flashcards
Adrenal glands
- located on top of the kidneys
- regulates homeostasis and SNS
Aldosterone (mineralcorticoids) - adrenal
secreting: zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex
regulates BP and blood pH
Cortisol (glucocorticoids) - adrenal
Secreting: zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
Target: most body tissues
Function: anti-inflammatory, metabolism
Androgens - adrenal
Secreting: zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
Target: brain, gonads, bone
Function: promotes libido, puberty
Epinephrine and norepinephrine - adrenal
Secreting: adrenal medulla (made of chromaffin)
Target: blood, heart, muscles
Function: increases blood glucose and BP
Juxtaglomerular cells (kidneys)
syntehsize and secrete renin
Erythropoietin - kidney
Secreting: kidney
Target: red bone marrow
Function: increases red blood cell production and O2 delivery
Calcitriol - kidney
Secreting: kidney
Target: Intestines
Function: INCREASES calcium and phosphorus absorption
Renin - kidney
Secreting: kidney
Target: blood and kidneys
Function: triggers adrenal glands to produce aldosterone
Glucagon - pancreas
Secreting: Alpha cells
Target: liver
Function: INCREASE glucose levels
Insulin - pancreas
Secreting: Beta cells
Target: liver, fat, and muscle
Function: INCREASE glycogen levels
Somatostatin - pancreas
Secreting: Delta cells
Target: pancreas and GI tract
Function: INHIBITS insulin and glucagon secretion
Pancreatic polypeptide - pancreas
Secreting: F cells
Target: pancreas and gallbladder
Function: INHIBITS secretion of somatostatin and digestive enzymes
Grehlin - pancreas
Secreting: Epsilon cells
Target: brain
Function: stimulates hunger
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) - thyroid
Secreting: thyroid follicular cells
Target: muscle, bones, nervous system
Function: increases ozygen consumption and metabolism
Calcitonin - thyroid
Secreting: thyroid follicular cells
Target: blood
Function: LOWERS Calcium levels in blood
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - parathyroid
Secreting: parathyroid chief cells
Target: blood
Function: INCREASES calcium levels in blood
Hypothalamus
regulates pituitary functions
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: thyroid gland
Function: stimulates secretion of T4 and T3
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: adrenal gland
Function: stimulates secretion of cortisol
Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: skin
Growth hormone (hGH) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: liver, skeletal muscle, bone
Function: stimulates secretion of growth factors (IGF)
Prolactin (PRL) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: mammary glands
Function: stimulates milk production and secretion
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: gonads
Function: stimulates estrogen production or sperm production
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - pituitary gland
Secreting: anterior lobe
Target: gonads
Function: triggers ovulation, stimulates testosterone secretion
Oxytocin (OT) - pituitary gland
Secreting: posterior lobe
Target: uterus and mammary glands
Function: milk production (REFLEXES) and uterine contractions
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin - pituitary gland
Secreting: posterior lobe
Target: kidneys
Function: increases water reabsorption
Estrogen and progesterone - ovaries
Secreting: ovarian follicle
Target: ovaries, uterus, mammary glands, other tissues
Function: regulates menstrual cycle, maintains pregnancy, PROMOTES DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
Relaxin - ovaries
Secreting: ovarian follicle
Target: pubic symphysis and cervix
Function: increases hip flexibility and dilates cervix
Inhibin - ovaries or testes
Secreting: ovarian follicle or SERTOLI cells
Target: pituitary gland
Function: inhibits FSH secretion
Activin - ovaries or testes
Secreting: ovarian follicle or LEYDIG cells
Target: pituitary gland
Function: stimulates FSH secretion
Leydig cells
aid in testosterone secretion
Sertoli cells
supportive and aid in sperm maturation
Endocrine function
hormones secreted into blood to affect distal target cells
Paracrine function
hormones diffuse to affect neighboring cells
Autocrine function
hormones affect the same cell that secreted them
Water-soluble hormones
bind to cell surface receptors on the plasma membrane
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- histamine
- serotonin
- ADH
- oxytocin
- hGH
- insulin
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes
Lipid-soluble hormones
permeate the lipid bilayer to bind to receptors in the cytosol or nucleolus
- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, androgen, aldosterone, cortisol, androgen, calcitriol
- T4 and T3
- gases (nitric oxide)
Sympathetic response pathway
hypothalamus, sympathetic trunk, adrenal medukla, epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pineal gland releases
melatonin
Thymus is responsible for…
maturation of T lymphocytes for the adaptive immune system
