Module 4 Lecture Flashcards
Which extrinsic eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve IV?
The superior oblique muscle
Where are interceptors commonly found?
Lining blood vessels
Which sinus drains the majority of dual venous sinus system and exits the skull via the jugular foramen?
The sigmoid sinus
Which brain region has nuclei that regulate autonomic tone?
Hypothalamus
Ganglia
Collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
Which cranial nerves are involved in the intervention of the muscles that move the eye?
Oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI)
Sclera
The avascular white of the eye meant to protect the eye and maintain eye shape
Iris
The colored part of the eye that regulates the size of the pupil
Optic disk
The blind spot where the optic nerve connects to the eye
Fovea centralis
The area of the retina where vision is most accurate
Lens
The elliptical structure behind the pupil that refracts light to a focal point on the retina
The receptor of hearing
Organ of Corti
Motion sickness
The equilibrium disorder caused by the brain receiving conflicting signals about the environment from the eyes and vestibular organs
Cerumen
Earwax
Pinna
External part of the ear, also called an auricle
Ossicles
Small bones in the middle ear that transmit and magnify sound
Malleus, incus, stapes
Vestibule
Part of the inner ear that contains equilibrium receptors: maculae detecting static equilibrium
Semicircular canals
Part of the inner ear that contains receptors for equilibrium: crista ampullaris detecting dynamic equilibrium
Which cranial nerve innervates the fungiform papillae?
Facial nerve (VII)
Dual sinuses contain
Blood
Conjunctiva
The thin, transparent film that covers the inside of the eyelids
Ciliary body
Part of the eye that supports the lens and iris and adjusts the curvature of the lens
Inhibitory synapse
- reduced likelihood of an action potential
- postsynaptic neuron hyperpolarizes
- large chloride ion influx
Accommodation of the eye
The ability of the eye to focus on different objects
The vitreous body is composed of
Collagen and proteoclygans
Tunics of the eye
Nervous, vascular, fibrous
Perilymph
The fluid outside the membranous labyrinth of the ear
Sympathetic rehanging fibers
Emerge from the spinal cord at vertebral level T1-L3
Sciatic nerve
Nerve that divides into common fibular and tibial nerves
Brain stem comprised of
Medulla oblongata
Midbrain
Pons
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Cranial nerves III, IX, and X, and spinal nerves form vertebral levels S1-S3
What substances readily diffuse across the blood-brain barrier
Alcohol, carbon dioxide, and water
Axillary nerve
- provides motor control to the deltoid and teres minor
- acts as the sensory system over the shoulder and lateral arm
- provides sensory information to the shoulder
Adaption
The process in which a few molecules of an odorant need to be present to initiate a response
Rod cells
Rhodopsin photoreceptor, black and white vision
Astrocytes
CNS Neuroglial Cell type: maintain blood-brain barrier, control levels of neurotransmitters around synapses, and regulate ion and metabolic support
- largest and most abundant in CNS
Ependymal cells
Neuroglial cell in CNS that line the spinal cord and ventricles and are involved in producing cerebrospinal fluid
Oligdendrocytes
CNS Neuroglial cells that myelinated CNS axons
Microglia
CNS Neuroglial cell: removed dead cells and pathogens by phagocytosis
Satellite cells
PNS Neuroglial cells: surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia and regulate neurotransmitters
Schwann cells
PNS neuroglial cells: myelinated neurons in PNS
Vitreous body
The transparent jelly that fills the eyeball behind the lens
Aqueous humor
The fluid that fills the space anterior to the lens
The olfactory tract contains axons from the olfactory bulb that send signals to…
The hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system
Which cranial nerves exit the cranium via the jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and accessory nerve (XI)
Spinothalamic tract
Conveys sensory information about pain, pressure, non-discriminative touch, and temperature
Which cranial nerve innervates the fungiform papillae?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Corticospinal tract
Major descending tract relaying information from cerebral cortex of the brain to skeletal muscles controlling voluntary movement
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter released by both preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Cauda equina
Termination of the spinal cord
Scleral venous sinus
Drama the aqueous humor
Choroid plexus
Produced cerebrospinal fluid
