Module 5: neurodevelopmental, conduct, neurocognitive, and somatic symptoms disorders Flashcards
Key criteria for an Intellectual Developmental Disorder (IDD)
disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains. The following three criteria must be met:
1. Deficits in intellectual functions
2. Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility.
3. Onset of intellectual and adaptive deficits during the developmental period.
Age of onset for IDD
Always before the age of 18 but as early as age 2.
Problems with IQ tests.
Many IQ tests do not account for cultural differences in verbal expression of ideas, language, and behaviors. Socioeconomic level also plays a factor.
Biological and environmental causes of IDD
Certain illnesses can cause it “The number of children with intellectual disability as a result of measles and whopping cough has decreased since the introduction of successful vaccinations.” Some are caused in the womb as the child is developing and others are caused by external prenatal causes such as HIV.
How may IDD be distressing?
They are often comorbid with physical disorders, with diabetes and sleep problems being in the highest.
Key criteria for a specific learning disability (SLD)
(A) Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties:
(B) The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for the individual’s chronological age, and cause significant interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living, as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment. For individuals age 17 years and older, a documented history of impairing learning difficulties may be substituted for the standardized assessment.
(C) The learning difficulties begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills exceed the individual’s limited capacities (e.g., as in timed tests, reading or writing lengthy complex reports for a tight deadline, excessively heavy academic loads).
(D) The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, psychosocial adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of academic instruction, or inadequate educational instruction.
Dyslexia
Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading (e.g., reads single words aloud incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words).
Dysgraphia
Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lacks clarity).
Dyscalculia
Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems).
Prevalence of SLD
5%-15% of school aged children have SLD. 18% of boys vs. 10% of girls.
Why are boys more likely to be identified as having an SLD?
Boys are more likely to be identified not because they have this disorder more but because it is often associated with behavioral disorders.
Suspected cause of SLD
Associated with deficits in specific cognitive processes rather than global intellectual deficits. Genetics also play a significant role.
How may SLD be distressing
It can be incredibly frustrating for the individual because often they know what needs to be performed but cannot do it.
higher rates of depression and ADHD
Key criteria for Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a) Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts…
1. Deficits in social emotional reciprocity
2. Deficits in nonverbal communication
3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships.
b) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by…
1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech
2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior.
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus.
4. Hyper or hypo reactivity to sensory input.
What is the likely cause of increased prevalence of ASD in the US
it is likely that changes in diagnostic criteria, special education policies, improved awareness, training, and services and the availability of diagnostic services.
Age of onset of autism spectrum disorder
3
Why are males more frequently diagnosed with ASD
Many diagnostic criteria were made with male participants. Cultural norms make women more likely to blend in and not seek help independently.
Research behind the relationship between MMR vaccines and the development of ASD.
Vaccines don’t cause autism. The original study stating so had been discredited and retracted.
Neurodiversity movement and it’s impact.
ASD isn’t causing many people discomfort or impairment. Behaviors within autism are often seen as “part of themselves”
1. There is variation in neurological development and functioning across humans.
2. This variation is healthy and valuable
3. Pathologizing neurodiversity is harmful.
denouncement of ABA therapy.
