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Applied Bioscience 264 > Module 5: Neoplasia > Flashcards

Module 5: Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between tumour and cancer

A

tumour is a new growth

cancer a type of tumour that usually grows fairly rapidly

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2
Q

Benign tumours

A

crow slowly
relatively localised
surrounded by a capsule

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3
Q

Malignant tumours

A

cancerous
consist of different cell and tissue structures
grow more rapidly than benign tumours
invade surrounding tissues and metastise

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4
Q

Carcinomas

A

arise from epithelial tissue- ie breast or gastric cancer

account for 80-90 percent of all cancers

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5
Q

aenocarcinomas

A

arrise from glandular epithelium (lung adrenocarcinoma)

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6
Q

Where do caners arise from

A

genes

may be triggered by the genes themselves, or by external factors such as the environment

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7
Q

can cancer cells avoid apoptosis

A

yes

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8
Q

what do oncogenes and tumour-supressor genes do?

A

oncogenes; promote the development of cancer

tumour-supressor genes; limit the development of cancer

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9
Q

in regards to cancer what is autonomy and anaplasia

A

autonomy: ability of cancer to avoid cell controls such as apoptosis
anaplasia is the loss of normal functioning of the cell

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10
Q

cancers can stimulate angiogenesis which

A

accomodaes the increased metabolic needs of the growth

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11
Q

how do cancers metastise

A

through blood vessels of the lymphatic system

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12
Q

what can the immune system do in regards to cancer

A

remove very early stages of cancer in teh form of small numbers or isolated cells

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13
Q

chronic inflammation contributes to the development of cancer true or false. if so what cells are involved?

A

true.

inflammatory cells, cytokines, vascular growth factors

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14
Q

what are the main viral causes of cancer (3)

A

hep B and C

human papilloma virus

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15
Q

what western dietary factors are associated with increased development of cancer

A

high fat and low fibre intake

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16
Q

The TNM system of staging cancers

A

T- tumour size
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastases

17
Q

Clinical manifestations of cancer

A 
fatigue
infection
anaemia
thromocytopenia
pain
cachexia (severe muscle wasting)
18
Q

List the cancer treatments (7)

A 
chemotherapy
combination therapy
adjuvant chemotherapy
hormonal therapy
immunotherapy
radiation therapy
complementary and alternative treatments
19
Q

Describe chemotherapy

A

is the use of drugs that interfere with cellular processes usually associated with cell division to destroy cancer cells

20
Q

combination therapy

A

involves using more than one chemo agent at the same time

21
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

involves using drugs after another treatment such as surgical removal. use of more than one cancer treatment method usually has more promising results.

22
Q

hormonal therapy

A

is the use of drugs that interact with hormones and their receptors involved in the hormone-dependent cancers

23
Q

immunotherapy

A

involves the immune system rejecting the cancer

24
Q

radiation therapy

A

can eliminate cancer cells of weaken them to be more vulnerable to destruction by another method

25
Q

Side effects of treatment

A

they usually occur becuase cancer treatments can harm normal cells as wel as the cancer
gastrointestinal- profound nausea and vomiting, as well as oral ulcers and diarrhoea

bone marrow supression may result from chemotherapy and radiation therapy

alopecia and decreased fertility may occur

26
Q

Define adrenocarcinomas

A

cancers arising from ductal or glandular epithelium

27
Q

adjuvant chemo

A

refers to the use of drugs after local treatment or removal of the primary tumour

28
Q

benign tumours

A

well encapsulated cells and tussues appear normal in sturucture

29
Q

biopst

A

tissue can be obtained by diverse means including brushings, fine needle aspiration, core needle or open biopsys that sample a small part of a mass or complete excision of a mass

30
Q

cachexia

A

severe tissue wasting and emaciation

31
Q

cancer

A

proliferation of cells

32
Q

carcinomas

A

cancers arising from epithelial tissue

33
Q

neoplasm

A

an abnormal growth that may be benign or malignant

34
Q

therapeutic index

A

the relative effective dose needed to kill cancer cells as copared to the dose that would be harmful to normal cells

35
Q

thromocytopenia

A

is a low platelet count and is a major cause of hemorrhage in persons with cancer

36
Q

tumour markers

A

substances produced by cancer cells that are detectable in the blood, spinal fluid or urine.

Applied Bioscience 264 (5 decks)

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