Module 1: Pathophysiology

Question 1

What can cellular injury be caused by

Answer 1

hypoxia
free radicles 
toxic chemicals
infectious agents 
inflammaotry and immune responses 
genetic factors 
insufficient nutrients 
physical trauma

Question 2

what is the initial insult to a cell regarding a chemica injury

Answer 2

damage or destruction fo the cell membrane

Question 3

What are some injurious physical agents

Answer 3

temperature extremes
changes in atmospheric pressure
sunlight
trauma

Question 4

what is the single most common cause of cellular injury

Answer 4

HYPOXIA :)

Question 5

Conditions that cause inadequate oxygen delivery to the blood include

Answer 5

diseases of the respiratory system and blockage of the upper airwas in the lungs

Question 6

hypoxia due to insufficent transport of oxygen through the body can occur because of

Answer 6

decrease in haemoglobin, ie with blood loss,decreased production of RBC eg anemia, diseases of the cardiovascular system, where cardiac output is reduced and significant drops in blood pressure.

Question 7

What is the most common cause of hypoxia

Answer 7

Ischaemia which is a reduction in blood supply to the cells

Question 8

What causes ischaemia

Answer 8

arteriosclerosis or a thrombus (complete blockage of arteries)- which can cause anoxia (total lack of oxygen)

Question 9

Biochemical changes that are important to cell injury are (3)

Answer 9

1. ATP depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state

Question 10

What are the sequence of events leading to cell death?

Answer 10

1. Decreased ATP production
2. Failure of active transport mechanisms (the sodium-potassium pump)
3. Cellular swelling
4. Other pathophysiological processes
5. Lysis of the cell membrane

Question 11

Reduced aerobic metabolism does what?

Answer 11

It reduces ATP production

Question 12

Sustained anaerobic metabolism contributes to cell damage by

Answer 12

when glycogen stores are depleted, also causes reduction of ATP production

Question 13

In basic terms how does cell injury occur?

Answer 13

If the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

Question 14

Reversible cell injury is usually associated with?

Answer 14

Cell swelling.

Increases in intracellular lipid content

Question 15

What are the two types of irreversible cell injury

Answer 15

Apoptosis and necrosis

Question 16

Biochemical changes that are important to cell injury are (3)

Answer 16

1. ATP depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium steady state

Question 17

What are the sequence of events leading to cell death?

Answer 17

1. Decreased ATP production
2. Failure of active transport mechanisms (the sodium-potassium pump)
3. Cellular swelling
4. Other pathophysiological processes
5. Lysis of the cell membrane

Question 18

Reduced aerobic metabolism does what?

Answer 18

It reduces ATP production

Question 19

Sustained anaerobic metabolism contributes to cell damage by

Answer 19

when glycogen stores are depleted, also causes reduction of ATP production

Question 20

In basic terms how does cell injury occur?

Answer 20

If the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

Question 21

Reversible cell injury is usually associated with?

Answer 21

Cell swelling.

Increases in intracellular lipid content

Question 22

What are the two types of irreversible cell injury

Answer 22

Apoptosis and necrosis

Question 23

What is apoptosis. Describe

Answer 23

It is a process of selective cellular self-destruction that occurs in normal tissue changes.
also occurs in pathological tissue changes (i.e. elimination of infected cells and cells with severely damaged DNA that cannot be repaired.

Question 24

What is Necrosis

Answer 24

is the sum of the changes after local cell death and includes the process of autolysis, or cellular self-destruction

Question 25

What are the five major types of necroses?

Answer 25

1. Coagulative
2. Liquefactive
3. Caseous
4. Fat necrosis
5. Gangrenous necrosis

Question 26

Structural signs that indicate irreversible injury and progression to necrosis are:

Answer 26

dense clumping and disruption of genetic material, and disruption of the cell and organelle membranes

Question 27

Define Aerobic respiration

Answer 27

refers to the production of ATP in the presence of oxygen. This produces large amounts of ATP, with water and Co2 as byproducts

Question 28

Define Reversible cell injury

Answer 28

the cell can recover from cellular injury i.e. with ischaemia. Most likely to recover with cell swelling and an increased amount of extracellular lipids.

Question 29

Define Apoptosis

Answer 29

an active process of cellular self-destruction, called programmed cell death

Question 30

Define cell injury

Answer 30

normal cellular homeostasis is not maintained

Question 31

Define hypoxia

Answer 31

lack of cellular oxygen causes an increase in anaerobic respiration, leading to a lack of sodium and potassium transport across the cell membrane.

Question 32

Define Irreversible cell injury

Answer 32

the point of no return… two types- apoptosis and necrosis

Question 33

Define Ischaemia

Answer 33

a reduction in blood flow to cells

Question 34

Define Necrosis:

Answer 34

cellular death leading to cellular dissolution (breaking up of cell)

Question 35

Reversible cell injury

Answer 35

the cell can recover from cellular injury i.e. with ischaemia. Most likely to recover with cell swelling and an increased amount of extracellular lipids.