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MICROBIOLOGY > Module 5: Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Module 5: Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism and its 3 Components

A
  • series of biochemical reactions by which the cell breaks down or biosynthesizes various metabolites
    (i) Cell Nutrition
    (ii) Metabolic Pathways
    (iii) Biosynthesis of biomolecules
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2
Q

Macronutrients (sources of carbon and nitrogen)

A

Nutrients required in large amounts
- carbon and nitrogen
- most microbes obtain organic compounds from CO2; prokaryotes require organic compounds as sources of carbon
- sources of nitrogen (NH3, NO2, N2)

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3
Q

Micronutrients definition and 2 examples

A

Nutrients required in small amounts
- trace metals & growth factors
- trace metals: cofactors of certain enzymes and cellular respiration (iron)
- growth factor: organic micronutrients (e.g. vitamins)

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4
Q

SIDEROPHORES (iron maiden)

A

Small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds that are secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. They help the organism accumulate iron.

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5
Q

3 Types of Active Transport

A
  1. Simple Transport
    - consists of only a transmembrane transport protein; co-transported by H+
  2. Group Translocation
    - chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate
  3. ABC transport System
    - ATP-binding cassette; periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP
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6
Q

SYMPORT vs ANTIPORT

A

SYMPORT: solute and proton are co-transported in one direction (simple transporters)

ANTIPORT: solute and proton are transported in opposite directions

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7
Q

Where are ABC transport systems present in?

A
  • Gram positive Bacteria and Archaea
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8
Q

3 Components of ABC transport system (SAT)

A
  1. Substrate-binding protein
  2. Transmembrane transporter
  3. ATP-hydrolyzing protein
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9
Q

Metabolic Couping

A

An essential mechanism that concentrates on the transfer of energy that is released from an exergonic pathway to provide energy needed for an endergonic pathway.

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10
Q

PHOTOTROPHS vs CHEMOTROPHS

A

Phototrophs: obtain energy for metabolism from light

Chemotrophs: obtain energy for metabolism from chemical reactions

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11
Q

CHEMOORGANOTROPHS vs CHEMOLITHOTROPHS

A

Chemoorganotrophs: obtain energy and reducing power from organic molecules

Chemolithotrophs: obtain energy and reducing power from inorganic molecules

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12
Q

Where does E. Coli get its energy from?

A

From organic compounds; CHEMOORGANOTROPHS

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13
Q

Fermentation definition

A

Form of anaerobic catabolism in which organic compounds both donate electrons and accept electrons, and redox balance is achieved without the need for external electron acceptors

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14
Q

Fermentation Cycle

A

Organic Compound –[REDOX]–> Energy-rich compound –[SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION]–> Oxidized Compound –[REDOX]–> Fermentation Product

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15
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi –> 2 Lactate + 2 ATP

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16
Q

Fermentative Diversity (Clostridium and Fermentative Anaerobes)

A
  • Some microorganisms convert polysaccharides to fermentable glucose
  • Some fermentations allow for additional ATP synthesis
  • Clostridium species ferment amino acids and others ferment purines and pyrimidines
  • Fermentative anaerobes ferment aromatic compounds
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17
Q

Fermentation-Respiration Switch

A
  • Capable of both fermentation-respiration
  • Energy available from glucose molecule is much greater if it is respired to CO2 then if it is fermented; yeast cells prefer respiration in O2 presence
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae can both ferment and respire
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18
Q

Respiration

A

form of aerobic or anaerobic catabolism in which an organic or inorganic electron donor is oxidized with O2 (aerobic) or some other compound (anaerobic) functioning as electron acceptors

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19
Q

Electron Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • CO2
  • Sulfate
  • Ferric iron
  • Nitrate
20
Q

2 Types of Phototrophy based on starting material

A
  1. Photoheterotrophy
    - organic compound –> cell material
  2. Photoautotrophy
    - CO2 –> cell material
    + electrons from H2O (oxygenic) or H2S (anoxygenic)
21
Q

Glucose synthesis (ANABOLISM)

A

Glucogeogenesis

22
Q

Pentose Sugar synthesis (ANABOLISM)

A

Pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis are formed by removal of carbon atom from a hexose through PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY

23
Q

3 Types of Sugar synthesis

A
  1. Formation of uridine diphosphogluclose (for nucleic acids)
  2. Citric Acid Cycle
  3. Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP; DNA and RNA)
24
Q

Formation of Alanine Family

A

Glycolysis –> Pyruvate –> Alanine Family

25
Q

Formation of Serine Family

A

Glycolysis –> 3-Phosphoglycerate –> Serine Family

26
Q

Formation of Aromatic Family

A

Glycolysis –> Chorismate + Pentose Phosphate Pathway –> Aromatic Family

27
Q

Formation of Glutamate family

A

Citric Acid cycle –> alpha-Ketoglutarate –> Glutamate family

28
Q

Formation of Aspartate Family

A

Citric Acid Cycle –> Oxaloacetate –> Aspartate Family

29
Q

What Amino Acids are formed from Citric Acid Cycle and Glycolysis?

A

GLYCOLYSIS:
1. Alanine Family
2. Serine Family
3. Aromatic Family

Citric Acid Cycle:
1. Glutamate Family
2. Aspartate Family

30
Q

Nucleotide Synthesis (2 PURINE and 2 PYRIMIDINE biosynthesis)

A

PURINE:
1. Purine Skeleton
2. Inosinic Acid

PYRIMIDINE:
1. Orotic Acid
2. Uridylate

31
Q

Fatty Acid Synthesis

A

Fatty acids are synthesized from malonyl-ACP

32
Q

Electron Acceptors in Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • CO2
  • Sulfate
  • Ferric iron
  • Nitrate
33
Q

Lipid Synthesis

A

Lipid is formed when fatty acids attach to glycerol
–> only lipids of bacteria and Eukarya contain fatty acids

34
Q

Another Name for Glycolysis

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Pathway

35
Q

2 Metabolic Pathways after Glycolysis

A
  1. Glyoxylate Cycle (C2 electron donor; ANABOLIC & fatty acids to carbohydrates)
    - The glyoxylic cycle is an anabolic pathway that occurs in plants, bacteria, fungi, and protists.
  2. Citric Acid Cycle / Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle (C4 or C6 electron donor; CATABOLIC)
36
Q

Products of Krebs Cycle from 1 Glucose Molecule

A

6 CO2
8 NADH
2 FADH2

37
Q

Total ATP produced from Glycolysis, Link Reaction and Krebs Cycle for 1 Glucose molecule

A

Glycolysis: 8 ATP (2 ATP and 2 NADH:6 ATP)
Link Reaction: 6 (2 NADH:6 ATP)
Krebs Cycle: 24 ATP (2 ATP and 6 NADH: 18 ATP and 2 FADH2:4 ATP)
= 38 ATP

38
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

oxidation of water to PRODUCE molecular O2

39
Q

Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

A

Oxygen is NOT PRODUCED

40
Q

Photosynthetic Systems in Bacteria (6)
CHAG PF

A
  1. Cyanobacteria
  2. Heliobacteria
  3. Acidobacteria
  4. Green Sulfur Bacteria
  5. Purple Bacteria
  6. Filamentous Anoxygenic Phototrophs [FAP] (Green nonsulfur bacteria)
41
Q

What photosynthetic systems in bacteria use water as an electron donor?

A

Green plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria

42
Q

Which bacteria are oxygenic and which are anoxygenic? What substances do they use as electron donors?

A

OXYGENIC:
- Cyanobacteria
- Water

ANOXYGENIC:
- Purple bacteria
- Green sulfur bacteria
- H2S, SO42-, S0

43
Q

Define Photocomplexes

A

pigments attached to proteins within membranes

44
Q

Reaction center

A

Complex macromolecular structure of a photosynthetic system that acts as the main site for the energy conversion of light

45
Q

Light-Harvesting / Antenna Pigments

A

Aid in the absorption of light and funnels energy into the reaction center

46
Q

Chlorosome and what photosynthetic systems is it found in (3)?

A

Structures for capturing energy from low light intensities

  • Anoxygenic green sulfur bacteria
  • Green nonsulfur bacteria
  • Photosynthetic Acidobacteria

MICROBIOLOGY (7 decks)

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