Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MICROBIOLOGY > Module 2: Morphology of Bacteria > Flashcards

Module 2: Morphology of Bacteria Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Morphology

A

The study of shape/form of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of internal structure of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 classifications of microorganisms

A

Cellular (composed of one or more cells)
- Protists, Algae, Fungi, Archaea, Bacteria
Acellular (lacking cells)
- Viruses, viroids (small viruses composed only of RNA molecules), and prions (misfolded proteins that cause neighboring proteins to become misfolded)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

6 Cell shapes

A

Coccus
Filamentous
Rod
Spirillum
Spirochete
Budding & Appendaged Microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cell size and SA:V relationship

A

As cell size decreases, SA:V increases, increasing absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasmid

A

Extrachromosomal genetic material for phenotype characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phospholipid Make-up

A
  • Composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components
  • HYDROPHOBIC: TAIL, composed of fatty acids
    -HYDROPHILIC: HEAD, composed of glycerophosphates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 Functions of Cellular Membrane in Prokaryotes

A
  1. Permeability Barrier - prevents leakage; allows entrance and exit of nutrients; expels waste
  2. Protein Anchor - holds proteins responsible for transportation, bioenergetics (transformation of energy, often associated with ATP), and chemotaxis (movement associated with a concentration gradient)
  3. Energy Conservation - production of ATP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Differentiate GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria

A
  • Peptidoglycan thickness: Gram positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan walls
  • Outermost layers: Gram positive bacteria’s outermost layer is the peptidoglycan layer
  • Appearance in gram-staining: Gram positive bacteria appears blue while gram negative bacteria appear red/green
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Composition of Gram Positive Bacteria Wall

A
  • Teichoic Acid
  • Lipoteichoic Acid (lipid–> originates from phospholipid bilyaer)
  • Wall-associated Proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Example of Coccus Bacteria

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Example of Rod Bacteria

A

Lactobacillus stearothermophilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Example of Spirillum Bacteria

A

Vibrio Cholerae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Periplasm

A

Spaces between cell wall and cellular membrane of bacteria responsible for cell wall synthesis, more pronouncedly seen in gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lipopolysaccharides composition
and present in Gram ____ bacteria

A

(from outermost to innermost)
an O-specific polysaccharide,
the core polysaccharide,
KPO,
Lipid A

NEGATIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Peptidoglycan composition (GlcNAc) (MurNAc)

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Antigen is short for:

A

ANTIbody GENerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Glycocalyx
2 types and differences

A

GLYCOCALYX - sugar “coat”; polysaccharide+projections
1. Capsule - attached tightly to the bacterium and has definite boundaries
2. Slime Layer - loosely associated with the bacterium and can be easily washed off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

3 Functions of the Glycocalyx structures

A
  1. Assist in attachment to solid surfaces
  2. Virulence factors (cannot be easily detected if completely covered; immune system evasion)
  3. Prevent dehydration
20
Q

Fimbriae

A

Thin, hairlike appendages, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria; composed of proteins and some are composed of polysaccharides; allows bacteria to stick to surfaces (forming biofilms or pellicles)

21
Q

Pili / Pilus (singular) + 4 functions

A
  • Longer, more visible form of fimbriae
  • receptors for certain viruses
  • facilitates genetic exchange between cells
  • adhesion to specific host tissues
  • facilitates unusual cell movement (twitching motility)
22
Q

4 Stage Process of Conjugation

A
  1. Donor bacterium extends pilus (as a bridge)
  2. The two microorganisms connect
  3. Replication of certain plasmid via DNA polymerase
  4. Separation of two microorganisms
23
Q

3 Types of Genetic Exchange / Horizontal Gene Transfer

A
  1. Conjugation (sex pilus)
  2. Transformation (absorption of DNA from environment)
  3. Transduction (virus as the medium for genetic material exchange)
24
Q

Cell Inclusions

A

Cell inclusions are considered various nutrients or pigments that can be found within the cell, but do not have activity like other organelles.

25
Q

6 types of Cell Inclusions

A
  1. Carbon Storage Polymers
    (Glycogen; poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid; poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate)
  2. Polyphosphate Minerals
    (for ATP, nucleic acids, phospholipid cell membrane)
  3. Sulfur Minerals
    (H2S in chemolithotrophy; proteins)
  4. Carbonate Minerals
    (biomineralization like barium strontium magnesium for anchorage)
  5. Magnetosomes
    (contains iron and aids bacteria orientation)
  6. Gas Vesicles
    (for buouyancy, and allows planktane cells to position themselves in regions best suited to their metabolic needs; impermeable to water and solutes but not to gases)
26
Q

ENDOSPORES characteristics

A
  • Resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and reduction
  • Survival structures
  • Dormant stage of a bacterial life cycle
  • Easily dispersed in wind water or through animal gut
  • process of formation: ENDOSPORULATION / SPORULATION
27
Q

Two types of endospore-forming bacteria

A
  1. Bacillus (aerobic)
  2. Clostridium (anaerobic)
28
Q

6 Stages of Sporulation

A
  1. Asymmetric Cell Division; commitment to Sporulation
  2. Engulfment - mother cell engulfs spore forming 2nd membrane
  3. Cortex Formation - peptidoglycan layer protects spore from heat and harsh chemicals
  4. Spore Coat - outermost coat formed
  5. Maturation and Cell Lysis - when conditions stabilize, larger mother cell enters lysis
  6. Germination - spore loses spore characteristics returning to vegetative bacteria
29
Q

4 types of Flagella Makeup

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Lopotrichous
  3. Amphitrichous
  4. Polytrichous/Peritrichous
    -TRICHOUS
30
Q

3 Types of Flagellum Movement

A
  1. Gliding
    –> twitching mobility via extension-retraction of focal-adhesions complex; sex pilus and Type IV; produces slime (polysaccharides)
  2. Swarming
    –> multicellular movement over a surface caused by rotating flagella (surfactant present)
  3. Swimming
    –> individual cell movement in a liquid environment
31
Q

2 Archaea Specific Structures

A
  1. Archaeal Cell Wall
    - Pseudomurein
    - Thick Polysaccharide
    - S-Layer
  2. Hamus
    - unique attachment structure of Archaea that resembles a grappling hook
    - SM1 group (specifically)
    - for movement & to secure itself in oxygen-absent environments
32
Q

3 Microbial Eukaryotes

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Algae
  3. Protists
33
Q

Hydrogenosome

A
  • Mitochondrion stand-in for anaerobic lifestyles
  • Strictly for fermentative metabolism
  • Lacks citric acid cycle enzymes
  • Lacks cristae
  • Oxidizes pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate
34
Q

3 Acellular Particles

A
  1. Prions (and Nonpathogenic Prions)
  2. Subviral agent (viroids)
  3. Viruses
35
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat of viruses

36
Q

Nucleocapsids

A

Protein coat of viruses that surround nucleic acids

37
Q

Viroids description

A
  • infectious RNA molecules - smallest known pathogens
  • lacks protein component
  • small circular single-stranded CLOSED RNA molecules
  • only found in plants
  • does not cause diseases in microorganisms of animals
  • RNA polymerase replicates viroids in plants
38
Q

Prions description

A
  • infectious agent composed entirely of proteins
  • causes several neurological diseases (mad cow disease, scrapie, variant creutzfeldt)
  • catalyze protein conformational changes
  • not seen in plants, but seen in yeast
39
Q

3 Stages of Prion Infectious Cycle

A
  1. Prion protein cellular undergoes nucleation to produce prion protein scrappy (which is the infectious agent)
  2. Prion protein scrappy undergoes elongation and conformational change to become an AMYLOID (leads to multiple diseases)
  3. Amyloids breaks down into multiple new “seeds” or prion protein scrappy to repeat the process
40
Q

Nonpathogenic prions description

A
  • Proteins that adapt fungal cell walls to survive dynamic environmental conditions
  • [URE3] prion can increase number of nitrogen-metabolizing proteins in the cell membrane
  • MAVS protein in humans can trigger production of INTERFERONS
41
Q

Pseudomurein composition (where is the glycosidic bond between molecules, what kind of stereoisomer?)

A
  • GlcNAc (N-acetylgulcosamine)
  • N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid
  • Glycosidic bonds between sugar derivitives is beta-1,3 (rather than beta-1,4)
  • Amino acids are all L stereoisomer
42
Q

Pseudomurein composition (where is the glycosidic bonds and what kind of stereoisomer)

A
  • GlcNAc (N-acetylgulcosamine)
  • N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid
  • Glycosidic bonds between sugar derivitives is beta-1,3 (rather than beta-1,4)
  • Amino acids are all L stereoisomer
43
Q

Thick Polysaccharide composition (3G 1A)

A
  • Glucose
  • Gluconic Acid
  • Galactosamine uronic acid
  • Acetate
44
Q

S-Layer composition (paracrystalline surface layer) and 3 functions

A
  • interlocking protein or glycoprotein
  • forms various symmetries
  • strong to withstand osmotic pressures without any other cell wall components
  • selective sieve
  • retains proteins
45
Q

Define Virion

A

the complete, infective form of a virus outside a host cell, with a core of RNA or DNA and a capsid.

MICROBIOLOGY (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions