Module 5 - Longitudinal Studies

Question 1

Pros of Longitudinal Studies

Answer 1

(1) can follow life course development
(2) reduce recall bias
(3) rectify influential time/age factors
(4) establish causality.

Question 2

Cons of Longitudinal Studies

Answer 2

(1) expensive
(2) limited generalisability
(3) interrupted data collections
(4) incomplete data

Question 3

Trajectory of Substance Dependence

Answer 3

(1) Psychological - craving substance, no withdrawal effects)
(2) Physical (vulnerable to withdrawal symptoms) + Tolerance (CNS less responsive to drug stimulation)

Question 4

Effects of Substance Dependence

Answer 4

Sedates CNS to reduce anxiety & mimics endorphins to feel euphoria. High rates of relapse.

Question 5

Risks of substance dependence during pregnancy

Answer 5

(1) infectious disease
(2) maternal death
(3) premature birth, lighter birth weight, smaller head
(4) sudden infant death
(5) born with neonatal abstinence
(6) foetal exposed to intoxication and withdrawals.

Question 6

Outcomes for children whose mothers used substances during pregnancy

Answer 6

(1) behaviour problems
(2) lower emotional regulation & control
(3) educational delay but language & IQ are fine – most are okay.

Question 7

What is the Dual Hazard model?

Answer 7

ME kids have complex lives with high socio-familial risk

Question 8

Pacific Island Families Study Aims

Answer 8

To address Pacifica deficits & needs, promote Pacifica wellbeing through empirical research

Question 9

Who is involved in the PIF?

Answer 9

1398 Pacifica infants, Middlemore hospital born in 2000. Studies mum, dad, and child.

Question 10

CPP prevalence?

Answer 10

1:4 children for at least 1 abuse/neglect before 17 years of age

Question 11

Risk factors for CPP

Answer 11

(1) younger parent & child (2-4 years)
(2) lower SES
(3) parent history of mental illness
(4) inter-parental violence
(5) child disability

Question 12

To reduce CPP, we need to:

Answer 12

(1) support vulnerable parents
(2) help kids with mental illness
(3) teach effective solutions to family harm incidents
(4) teach parents non-violent methods to manage child behaviour

Question 13

What does the Anti-Smacking Law (2007) do?

Answer 13

Prohibits CPP and allows for prosecution

Question 14

What is Acculturation?

Answer 14

Culture change from mixing multiple culture systems – interactional, bi-directional

Question 15

What are the styles of acculturation?

Answer 15

• Integrator* (both cultures)
• Separator (traditional)
• Marginal (neither culture)
• Assimilator (dominant).
• Preferred in literature

Question 16

What are the health outcomes based on acculturation styles?

Answer 16

Separator had best health outcomes. Assimilators’ outcomes were twice as bad - policies need to promote traditional cultural identity

Question 17

What are the aims of the Methadone Maintenance Treatment?

Answer 17

Follows a “Harm-reduction approach”

(1) reduce opiate use by suppressing withdrawals
(2) behavioural stability
(3) reduce pregnancy complications from withdrawal effects
(4) increase contact with healthcare specialists