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Removal exam reviewer in genetics > MODULE 5 . INHERITANCE BASED I > Flashcards

MODULE 5 . INHERITANCE BASED I Flashcards

1
Q

involves separation of alleles during meiosis

A

Segregation

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2
Q

shows the different ratio of different types of offspring

A

Segregation ratio

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3
Q

Specific phenotypes are often controlled by one or more gene pairs whose alleles exhibit modes of expression other than

A

Dominance and Recessive

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4
Q

This phenomenon is called

A

Gene interaction

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5
Q

Genes express themselves in two ways:

A
  1. Non- additive interaction
    2 additive gene interaction
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6
Q

the expression of one gene does not necessarily
add to the phenotypic expression of the other members of the allelic pairs may interact to produce a certain phenotypic effect

A

Non-additive interaction

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7
Q

the phenotypic effect of one gene adds effect of its own allele or other genes in the genotype which affects
expression of the trait

A

Additive gene interaction

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8
Q

Non- additive gene expression

A
  1. COMPLETE DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE
    2.INCOMPLETE OR PARTIAL DOMINANCE
  2. CODOMINANCE
  3. OVERDOMINANCE
  4. EPISTASIS
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9
Q

When two genes affecting a character in different manners occur together in the individual and occupy identical locationS in the homologous chromosomes, the individual is said be heterozygous

A

Complete dominance and recessive

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10
Q

This is based on the observation of intermediate phenotypes generated by cross between parents with contrasting trait

A

Incomplete or partial dominance

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11
Q

This is a distinct, detectable gene expression of two alleles this occurs if two alleles are responsible for the production of 2 distinct, detectable gene products this result in distinct evidence of the gene products of both allele

A

Codominance

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12
Q

Resulting heterozygote individuals are superior to either homozygotes
- they affect traits related to physical fitness or vigor

A

Overdominance

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13
Q

From the Greek word meaning stoppage

A

EPISTASIS

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14
Q

It occurs when the expression of one gene or gene pair masks or influences the expression of another gene or gene pair

A

EPISTASIS

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15
Q

Sex - linked Inheritance

A

Module po

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16
Q

The previous pattern of inheritance involves simple autosomal inheritance. However no ot all loci are found on the autosomes but also on sex chromosome

A

Sex- linked Inheritance

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17
Q

This pattern of inheritance called sex linked

A

Sex-linked inheritance

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18
Q

Sex- linked traits refer to traits determine by the genes that are linked on the X- chromosomes

A

Sex- linked Inheritance

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19
Q

The sex of the individual plays a determining role in the expression of a certain phenotypes

A

Sex- limited and Sex- influence Inheritance

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20
Q

In some cases, the expression of a specific phenotype is limited to one sex

A

Sex- limited and Sex- influence Inheritance

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21
Q

The sex of the individual influences the expression of a phenotype that in not limited to one sex or the other.

A

Sex- limited and Sex- influence Inheritance

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22
Q

An example of sex limited trait is feathering pattern of domestic fowl

A

Sex- limited and Sex- influence Inheritance

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23
Q

Tail and neck plumage is distinctly different in cock and hen.

A

Sex- limited and Sex- influence Inheritance

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24
Q

These genes contribute to the phenotype in a cumulative or quantitative way

A

Additive gene interaction

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25
Q

Additive gene interaction, affects many important trait in farm animals such as:

A

Growth rate
Carcass quality
Milk production
Conformation

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26
Q

Additive alleles embodies the following major points:

A
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27
Q

This is a term used to describe the variation in the DNA sequence in each of our genomes

A

Genetic variation

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28
Q

This makes us all unique, hair color, skin color, shape of our faces

A

Genetic variation

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29
Q

Individuals of a species have similar characteristics but they are rarely identical the difference between them is called variation

A

Genetic variation

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30
Q

Is a result of subtle differences in our DNA which results in different forms,or alleles of genes.

A

Genetic variation

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31
Q

Differences that can be seen among characteristics within each species

A

A. Transmission of changed genes ( mutation)
B. New combination of existing genes
C. Environmental factor

32
Q

Environmental changes can cause pressure

A

Selective pressure

33
Q

Organisms unable to adapt quickly enough will die

A

Selective pressure

34
Q

Organisms that adapt are able to pass on their successful traits to future generations

A

Selective pressure

35
Q

If one portion of a population is separated from another portion then a new species may evolve

A

Isolation

36
Q

Mechanism for population change

A
  • Key to change is variation among the individuals in the population.
  • Individuals are unique due to their genes
37
Q

Is a measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding value and phenotype values for a trait in a population

A

Heritability

38
Q

The genotype of individual will be expressed strongly and environment will be less influential for particular trait

A

Heritability

39
Q

“HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TRAITS IN LIVESTOCK “
TRAIT——–SHEEP —SWINE— CATTLE

weaning weight -

A

Sheep= 15-25 %
Swine= 15-20%
Cattle= 15- 27%

40
Q

“HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TRAITS IN LIVESTOCK “
TRAIT——–SHEEP —SWINE— CATTLE

Post - weaning gain efficiency?

A

Sheep=20-30%
Swine=20-30%
Cattle=40-50%

41
Q

“HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TRAITS IN LIVESTOCK “
TRAIT——–SHEEP —SWINE— CATTLE

Post- weaning rate of gain?

A

Sheep=50-60%
Swine=25-30%
Cattle=50-55%

42
Q

“HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TRAITS IN LIVESTOCK “
TRAIT——–SHEEP —SWINE— CATTLE

Feed efficiency?

A

Sheep=50%
Swine=12%
Cattle=44%

43
Q

“HERITABILITY OF VARIOUS TRAITS IN LIVESTOCK “
TRAIT——–SHEEP —SWINE— CATTLE

Fertility?

A

Sheep= none
Swine= none
Cattle=1.0%

44
Q

The economically important traits are influenced by both the environment and the genetic makeup of the animal

A

Controlled Breeding

45
Q

Controlled Breeding program:

A

-Outcrossing
-Cross breeding

46
Q

Breeding purebred animals with unrelated purebred animals

A

Outcrossing

47
Q

Breeding animals of the same species but of a different breed.

A

Crossbreeding

48
Q

A biological phenomenon which causes crossbreeds to out produced the average of their parents

A

Hybrid vigor or heterosis

49
Q

Will achieve 15 to 25% immediate increase in yield

A

Hybrid vigor or heterosis

50
Q

The more dissimilarity the breeds, the greater the heterosis: ( British breed crossed with Zebu breed)

A

Hybrid vigor or heterosis

51
Q

Purebred bulls × purebred cows of another breed

A

Two-breed cross

52
Q

Types of variation

A
  1. Morphological or structural
  2. Physiological or functional
  3. Behavioral
  4. Sexual
53
Q

A. Physical traits or gross anatomical feature
Example: color of hair, eyes or shape …
B. Cellular, subcellular and molecular characteristics

A

Morphological or structural

54
Q

A. Biochemical and biophysical processes.
- inability to absorb glucose
- inability to distinguish colors
- inability to synthesize certain amino acids

A

Physiological or functional

55
Q
  • combined structural and physiological characteristics.
  • patterns of reaction to it’s environment. Example: tolerance level
A

Behavioral

56
Q

-The most important phenotypic characteristics of an organism
- the capacity for reproduction together with features associated with it.

A

Sexual

57
Q

Variations can be described as:

A

A . Continuous variations
B. Discontinuous variation

58
Q

when characteristics varies in small amounts between individuals
Examples:
height, weight

A

Continuous variations

59
Q

one of several discrete alternative
Example:
sex

A

Discontinuous variation

60
Q

Causes of variation

A
  1. Genes
  2. Environment
61
Q

Genes ( inherited)

A

-Sex determination
- mental retardation
-animal deformities

62
Q

Physical deformities

A

Environment

63
Q

The two main factors that contribute to genetic variation within species of animals are:

A

The environment
The genetic make-up of the animal

64
Q

Environmental factors

A

The quality and quantity of the feed
Climate conditions
Exposure to parasites and diseases
The type of terrain (steep mountains, desserts, irrigated pasture)
For many years, managers of agricultural systems have manipulated the genetic makeup of animals to:
1. Improve productivity
2. increase efficiency
3. adaptability
Successful manipulation of the genetic composition of animals requires a depth understanding of fundamental principles of genetics

65
Q

The genetic makeup of the animal

A

Additive gene effects
Non- additive gene effects

66
Q

Additive Gene Effect

A

-Many different genes involved in the expression of the trait
-Individual genes have little effect with very little or no dominance between pairs of alleles
- Each member of the gene pair has an equal opportunity to be expressed

67
Q

Traits that result from additive gene effects:

A

A. Most of the economically important traits:
Carcass traits
Weight gain
Milk production
B. All have moderate to high heritability
C. Quantitative
D. Environment often influences the expression
E. Difficult to classify phenotypes into distinct categories because they usually follow continuous distribution.
F. Difficult to identify animals with superior genotypes

68
Q

Most of the economically important traits:

A

Carcass traits
Weight gain
Milk production

69
Q

Non-additive Gene Effects:

A

Control traits by determining how gene pairs act in different combinations with one another
Observable
Controlled by only one or few pairs of genes
Typically one gene pairs will be dominant if the animal is heterogzygous for the trait being expressed
When combinations of gene pairs give results the offspring will be better than either of its parents (hybrid vigor or heterosis)

70
Q

Traits That Result from Non-additive Gene Effects

A

A . Qualitative
B.Phenotype is easily identified
C.Little environmental effect
D. Genotype can be easily determined

71
Q

Genetic improvementoccurs when thegeneticmerit isimprovedthrough selection.

A

Genetics and Livestock Improvement

72
Q

Theimprovementingeneticmerit refers to the overallimprovementin a flock brought about by selection for a number of traits that contribute to the flock’s breedingobjective, such as high growth rate or carcass yield.

A

Genetics and Livestock Improvement

73
Q

Natural forces determine the traits seen in organism

A

Genetics and Livestock Improvement

74
Q

involves human interference in natural selection
identification and use of breeding purpose of those animals with the traits that
are considered by the breeders as desirable

A

Artificial selection

75
Q

is a measurable attributes of an individual

A

Trait

76
Q

Factors that affect genetic variations

A

1.Chromosomal and gene mutation
2. Natural selection (random mating between organisms)
3. Natural selection
4. Random fertilization
5. Genetic manipulation and modification by man

77
Q

Exploiting variations for the improvement of animal health and production

A

1.Selection
2.Breeding
a. loss of usefulness and superiority due to
grading up
b. inheritance of inferior and deleterious inferior traits/ disorders
c. Emergence of other factors that could manipulate unfavorably those
already established
d. Difficulty in identifying heterozygous carriers
e. Undesirable mutation
f. Using poor breeds and breeding practices

Removal exam reviewer in genetics (5 decks)

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