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HUBS > Module 5: Immunology > Flashcards

Module 5: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Three components of the immune system

A

Organs
Cells
Molecules

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2
Q

Immune system

A

Organised system of organs cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease

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3
Q

What kind of diseases can the immune system affect? (3)

A

Infectious
Inflammatory
Cancer

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4
Q

Primary lymphoid organs (2)

A

Thymus
Bone marrow

(Produce white blood cells/ lymphocytes)

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5
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs (3)

A

Tonsils
Spleen
Lymph nodes

Sites where immune responses are initiated

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6
Q

What occurs in the bone marrow?

A

Stem cells are sourced

They develop into cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses

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7
Q

What occurs in the thymus?

A

Developing T cells learn not to react to self (school)

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8
Q

What occurs in the spleen?

A

Initiation of immune responses against blood-borne pathogens

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9
Q

What occurs in the lymph nodes? (2)

A

Lymph fluid is filtered from blood and tissue

Immune responses are initiated

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10
Q

Three layers of defence of the immune system

A

Chemical and physical barriers
Innate arm
Adaptive arm

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11
Q

Which is slower to take action- innate or adaptive arm?

A

Adaptive

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12
Q

Physical barrier for the immune system

A

Skin

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13
Q

Two layers of the skin, what do they contain?

A

Epidermis- dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

Dermis- thick layer of connective tissue, collagen, blood vessels and phagocytic immune cells

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14
Q

What do phagocytic immune cells do?

A

Engulf and kill microbes

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15
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Immune cells in the skin

Have dendritic arms that give big surface area which is good for communication between innate and adaptive arms

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16
Q

Chemical defenses of the skin (4)

A

Antimicrobial peptides (e.g. defending which form pores in microbial cell membranes)

Lysozyme- breaks down bacterial cell walls

Sebum- low pH so microbes can’t grow

Salt- hypertonic dries out microbes

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17
Q

Where are sebum and salt secreted?

A

Sebaceous gland and sweat gland

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18
Q

Where are mucous membranes present? (4)

A

Inner body parts that come into contact with the air

Eyes
Respiratory tract
GI tract
Genital/rectal tract

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19
Q

Three components of mucous membranes

A

Mucus layer
Epithelium
Fibrous connective tissue (lamina propria)

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20
Q

Where are goblet cells, and what do they produce?

A

Epithelium

Mucus

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21
Q

Direction and function of mucociliary escalator

A

Up to pharynx

Cilia move dust and trapped microbes up to be swallowed- which get destroyed in the gut

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22
Q

What other cells accompany goblet cells in the epithelium?

A

Columnar cells

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23
Q

Chemical defences of mucosal surfaces (6)

A

Stomach- low pH (breaks down microbes)

Gall bladder- bile (antimicrobial)

Intestine- digestive enzymes (break down microbes)

Mucus (transports microbes away)

Defensins (antimicrobial peptides)

Lyzozyme- tears, urine (break down cell walls)

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24
Q

Which has more cell layers- skin or mucous membranes?

A

Skin

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25
Q

Which contains alive cells- mucous membranes or skin?

A

Both

Skin also contains dead cells in outer layers

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26
Q

Why is sebum present in the skin, but not in mucous membranes?

A

Because there are hairs on the skin to which it’s attached

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27
Q

In which tubes are cilia present on mucous membranes?

A

Trachea and uterine tubes

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28
Q

How do innate and adaptive arms communicate?

A

Through dendritic cells

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29
Q

Innate internal defenses (5)

A 
Phagocytes
Natural killer cells (kill virus-infected cells)
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins
Fever
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30
Q

Two cells of the adaptive defense and their functions

A

B cells- make antibodies

T cells- produce chemical messengers and become killer cells

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31
Q

Which arm of the immune system can discriminate between viruses, and even strains of a virus?

A

Adaptive arm

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32
Q

Which has a long-term specific memory: adaptive or innate arm?

A

Adaptive (innate has no specific memory)

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33
Q

What can the innate arm detect if it can’t discriminate between viruses?

A

Molecular components
- cell wall components
- nucleic acids
Etc.

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34
Q

Two general components of blood

A

Plasma (55%)

Cells (45%)

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35
Q

What does plasma include?

A

Proteins
Water
Other solutes

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36
Q

Which three cells make up the 45% formed elements in the blood?

A

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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37
Q

Name for white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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38
Q

Where are blood cells sourced, and what is this process called?

A

From the bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

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39
Q

Hematopoietic cells

What three lineages derive from them?

A

Stem cells that develop into blood cells

Erythropoietin
Myeloid
Lymphoid

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40
Q

Erythroid lineage

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes) derived from hematopoietic stem cells

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41
Q

Four innate immune cells

Which lineage are these?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets

Myeloid lineage
Derived from hematopoietic stem cells

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42
Q

Adaptive immune cells

What lineage do they come from?

A

B and T lymphocytes

Lymphoid lineage

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43
Q

Which two lineages are white blood cells?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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44
Q

Granulocyte in blood

A

Neutrophil

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46
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocyte in the blood which makes up 75% of all leukocytes

Highly phagocytic

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47
Q

Granulocyte in tissue

A

Mast cells

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48
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

Lining mucosal surfaces

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49
Q

How do mast cells attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage?

A

By releasing granules which acts as a signal

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50
Q

Two types of phagocytic cells

Where are they present?

A

Monocytes- blood- low phagocytosis

Macrophages- tissues- high phagocytosis

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51
Q

How are monocytes related to macrophages?

A

Monocytes develop into macrophages when they leave the blood

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52
Q

Macrophages can be sessile or migratory- what does this mean?

A

They can become resident or move through tissues

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53
Q

Three functions of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Release of chemical messengers
Show information about pathogenic microbes to T cells (linking arms)

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54
Q

Which is the most important cell to help trigger adaptive immune responses?

A

Dendritic cells

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55
Q

How do cells of the immune system move around the body?

A

Leave blood to enter tissues

Carried in the lymph which is drained into lymph nodes

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56
Q

PAMPS

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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57
Q

Three components to a virus PAMP

A

Nucleic acid (ssRNA or dsRNA)
Nucleocapsid (protein)
Envelope (sometimes)

58
Q

Five components of a bacterium PAMP

A 
Nucleic acid 
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Capsule (sometimes)
Flagella
59
Q

Building blocks of flagella

A

Flagellin

60
Q

What kind of nucleic acid is commonly present in bacteria?

A

Unmethylated CpG DNA

61
Q

Common building blocks of bacterial cell wall (3)

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
Endotoxins
Lipoteichoic acid

62
Q

How does a phagocytic cell recognise microbes?

A

Through its PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)

63
Q

What components of microbes do PRRs recognise?

A

Bacterial cell wall components

Yeast cell wall components

64
Q

What do PRRs do once they recognise components of a microbe?

A

Send a signal to the phagocytic cell nucleus to regulate gene transcription

Makes lots of proteins to fight specific microbe

65
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

66
Q

What is released by immune cells during fever?

A

Pyrogens

67
Q

IL-1

A

Interleukin-1

Produced by phagocytes after ingesting bacteria

68
Q

Why is fever useful?

A

Decreases phagocytosis
Which decreases IL-1
Which decreases temperature

69
Q

When do numbers of neutrophils in blood increase? Why?

A

During infection

Granulocytes circulate in the blood and move into tissue during inflammation

70
Q

How do dendritic cells link the innate and adaptive?

A

Drain into lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes

Where they activate T and B cells

71
Q

B cells produce _____

A

Antibodies

72
Q

Antibodies do: (2)

A

Label bacteria for phagocytosis

Block interaction between bacterial cell and receptor

73
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Send death signals

74
Q

Where are dendritic cells present?

A

In major organs

Mostly in skin

75
Q

What do dendritic cells do when they come across an antigen?

A

Phagocytose it and process it down to peptides- then present it on MHC to T cells

76
Q

If dendritic cells are in the blood, where do they migrate to after phagocytosing an antigen?

A

The spleen

77
Q

Antigen

A

Anything that has the potential to be recognised by the immune system

78
Q

Auto-antigen

A

Self-antigen

Protein made by our own cells (usually immune system is tolerant of these)

79
Q

APC (3)

A

Antigen presenting cell- any cell that can present antigens to T cells

  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
80
Q

Two types of T cells

A

CD8

CD4

81
Q

What does CD4 do? (2)

A

Helps CD8

Activates B cells

82
Q

What do B cells do once activated?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells

83
Q

What do plasma cells do? Where are they found?

A

Make lots of antibodies

Lymph nodes and spleen

84
Q

What does CD8 become when presented with an antigen?

A

CTL (killer cell) which kills virus-infected cells

85
Q

How do CTL cells kill virus infected cells?

A

Sending killer signal (peforin/ granzyme)

86
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatibility complex (I and II)

87
Q

TCR

A

T cell receptor

88
Q

Where on the APC and T cell is the antigen presented?

A

On the MHC

89
Q

Which MHC do CD8 cells recognise?

A

MHC-1

90
Q

MHC-II is recognised by which T-cell?

A

CD4

91
Q

What about their immune systems separate vertebrates and invertebrates?

A

Invertebrates only have innate immunity

92
Q

Endogenous antigen

A

An antigen which lives inside the cell (eg virus)

93
Q

Exogenous antigen

A

An antigen which enters the cell when its phagocytosed

94
Q

Which cells express MHC-I? Why?

A

MHC-I presents endogenous antigens

All unnucleated cells have MHC-I

95
Q

Which cells express MHC-II as well as MHC-I? Why?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) because MHC-II presents exogenous antigen

96
Q

Describe MHC-I antigen processing (3)

A

Antigen proteins are degraded to peptides in cytoplasm

Peptides are imported into ER

In the ER, peptides are loaded on MHC-I

97
Q

Describe MC-II antigen processing (3)

A

Antigen proteins are degraded in an acidic phagolysosome

Peptides are loaded on MHC-II in phagolysosome

MCH-11 and peptide travel to cell membrane

98
Q

T cells proliferate when activated by APCs. What does this mean?

A

They make more of themselves

99
Q

Two examples of endogenous antigens

A

Viral proteins produced during viral replication

Proteins produced by intracellular bacteria

100
Q

Examples of exogenous antigens (3)

A

Fungi
Bacteria
Parasites

101
Q

What property of a phagolysosome breaks down exogenous antigens?

A

It’s acidity

102
Q

What three things occur in the thymus?

A

Creates a pool of T cells that can recognise antigens

Gets rid of T cells that recognise self antigens

TCR gene rearrangement

103
Q

What is the purpose of TCR gene rearrangement?

A

Each T cell has a TCR specific for one antigen

104
Q

Naive T cell

A

A T cell that has undergone TCR gene rearrangement, but hasn’t carried out immune response

105
Q

Thymocyte

A

Immature T cell - hasn’t undergone TCR gene rearrangement

106
Q

Coreceptors on CD4 and CD8 cells

Function

A

CD4 and CD8

Stabilises interaction between MHC/peptide and TCR

107
Q

Which T cell makes cytokines? What do these do?

A

CD4

Cytokines are soluble messengers which support other immune cells

108
Q

Other name for CD4 cells

A

Helper T cells

109
Q

Which T cell makes cytotoxic molecules?

A

CD8

110
Q

Name two cytotoxic molecules

A

Perforin

Granzyme

111
Q

What do cytotoxic molecules do?

A

Kill infected cells

112
Q

What cell can CD8 cells develop into once activated?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)

113
Q

Effector T cells and their functions (4)

A

Activated T cells

Kill infected cells
Make cytokines
Support antibody production
Remember the antigen for next time

114
Q

How does a CTL know which cells to kill?

A

They will express the peptide on MHC-1 on their cell surface that the CTL has the TCR for

115
Q

Memory T cells

A

CD4 or CD8 cells that reside in the body for long periods of time

They have been activated before, and can be activated much quicker than naive cells

116
Q

Which concept/ science is based on the function of memory cells?

A

Vaccination

117
Q

HIV infection leads to loss of ______

A

CD4 T cells

118
Q

Which cells does CD4 help to activate?

A

CD8 and B cells

119
Q

Where are B cells made?

A

Bone marrow

120
Q

BCR

A

B cell receptor

121
Q

Two parts of antibody

A

Heavy chains and light chains

122
Q

An antibody is a secreted ____

A

BCR

123
Q

What is different about the way T cells and B cells recognise antigens?

A

B cells don’t need MHC to recognise it

124
Q

Functions of antibody (3)

A

NOC

Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Complement activation

125
Q

Describe viral neutralisation

A

Antibodies coat virus so it can’t attach to receptor on host cell

This neutralises virus activity

126
Q

What is the name of the process that makes bacteria tastier for macrophages?

A

Opsonisation (antibodies bind)

127
Q

Describe complement activation

A

Antibodies bind to host cell

Complement proteins can bind to the antibodies

It activates complement pathway to destroy pathogen more quickly

128
Q

Five antibody isotypes

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgR
129
Q

Describe IgM and it’s function

A

Pentamer antibody with J chain

First Ig class produced after initial exposure to antigen

Expressed on naive B cells and acts as BCR

Very effective in activating complement

Targets extra cellular bacteria

130
Q

Describe IgG and it’s function

A

Monomer antibody

Most abundant Ig class in blood

Opsonises/ neutralises

Only Ig class that can cross the placenta

Targets virus and bacteria

131
Q

Passive immunity

A

Acquired immunity of fetus from mother through placenta

132
Q

Describe IgA and it’s function

A

Dimer antibody with secretory component and J chain. Exists in monomeric form in blood (more stable as dimer in secretory areas)

Present in secretions incl breast milk

Defends mucosal membranes

Targets virus and bacteria

133
Q

Describe IgE and it’s function

A

Monomer antibody

Present in blood at low concentrations

Activates mast cells by binding them to parasites

Causes allergic reactions

134
Q

IgD and it’s function

A

Monomer antibody

Expressed on naive B cells

Function unknown but can act as BCR

135
Q

What happens to the B cells that are stimulated, but don’t differentiate into plasma cells?

A

They form a pool of memory cells

136
Q

Where are memory cells found?

A

In blood and lymph

137
Q

Do memory B cells secrete antibody?

A

No, but they express it as BCR

138
Q

What happens if a memory B cell sees the same antigen for a second time?

A

Becomes plasma cells and secretes antibody

139
Q

Primary immune response

A

Involves naive B cells

Takes 7-14 days to produce sufficient antibody to eliminate pathogen

Mainly IgM

140
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Relies on memory B cells

Takes 2-3 days to produce sufficient antibody to eliminate pathogen

Mainly IgG

Higher amounts of antibodies produced

HUBS (4 decks)

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