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Bio exam 3 > Module 5: Ecology > Flashcards

Module 5: Ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can you indicate a good habitat

A

density

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2
Q

Why is the exponential growth not possible in population growth.
This is also how population can be limited

A

Resources are limited

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3
Q

What are the specific limits on population

A

density independent
density dependent

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4
Q

What is density independent?

A

effects everyone equally
–> weather, natural disasters abiotic
these are always at play

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5
Q

What is density dependent?

A

effects vary based on density
this depends on dense the population is
-limiting resources
–>as the population increases the resources deplete result in infraspecific competition
–> thus getting less food
-predators
–> attracted to high density prey areas, they can catch a larger proportion, and death rate increases
-pathogens
–> spread easier in a denser population than in areas with fewer individuals (crowding and disease is not a cute combo)

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6
Q

What is inflection point mean on carry capacity eqn?

A

It is you max growth rate

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7
Q

What does the Nt mean closer to 0 and closer to one, when modeling caryring capacity

A

closer to 0, close to capacity
closer to 1 farther frmo it

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8
Q

What is dispersion

A

how populations are arranged, or the spatial arrangement of individuals
-regular
-random
-clumped

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9
Q

Clumped dispersion

A

resources tend to be clumped
like people living along the water
*most common

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10
Q

random dispersion

A

seeds dispersed along wind, random, if environment in consistent the seeds will fall wherever

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11
Q

regular dispersion

A

equally around landscape, weird to see,
normally social or antisocial conditions
–> penguins
–> plants with alleopathy (chemical producing) like walnut trees

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12
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals
immigration & emmigration
*deadliest part of an animals life, (must have good benefits
-live with parents and leave, or seeds in wind

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13
Q

What are the benefits and costs of Dispersal

A

Benefits:
Limits Compeition–> no relatives to fight ogg
Expands Resources
Limits Inbreeding–> different mates, more genetic diversity
Costs:
Energy
Death

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14
Q

What is Life history

A

the schedule and or expectation of major life events
-evolved traits of a species determine the timeing and patterns of that species’s life cycle

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15
Q

What are the evolved traits that detemine the patterns and timeing of life cycle

A

growth rate
age at sexual maturity
number of offspring/bout
life span

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16
Q

R stratgeists

A

intrinstic growth rate
-there life is uncertain, they will reproduce a few times, but with a shit ton of offpsing, live not as long, have less parental care,
-they can adapt and live with a wide variety fo resources and a wide range
reach sexual maturity quickly

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17
Q

K strategists

A

close to carring capacity
-can adapt to preductable conditions
- live longer
reproduce multiple times,
-but with smaller number of offspring, but have more parental care
–> these will probably live through adulthood (type i or ii)
-good at enduring competition for resoruces_

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18
Q

type i

A

survive to old age
k select

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19
Q

type ii

A

risk constant at old age

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20
Q

type ii

A

most die young
r choose

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21
Q

what is community ecology

A

looks at abundance and disturbance of average and how one affects the other
–> look how they change through time (sucession (in plant community))
–> abiotic influence
–> biodiversity

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22
Q

what is biodiversity

A

number different species but also genetic diversity (inbred and diverse)
-all the living things and the interactions between them (coevolution)
- the diversity of important ecological entities that span multiple spatial scales, from genes to populations to species to communities

is a term used to span multiple scales of diversity from genes to species to communities (txtboook)

23
Q

What is needed for biodiversity

higherachial system of diversity

A

-ecostystems & habitats
-species
-genetic diversity within species
*need to have all three
Zoo would not count

24
Q

what is predation

A

+/- interactions
predators have adaptions that enable them to identify catch, subdue, and consume their prey
-carnivory involves an energetic tradeoff between gathering and using resources
-Cambrian Explosion is why these traits where the massive evolutionary imapct happende

25
Q

What are some prey adaptions

A

morphological
–>cripsis
chemical
–>stinky
behaviorial
–>flocking and yelling

26
Q

What are the two types of mimicry

A

Bartesian
–> 1 non toxix copies a toxic one
Mullerian
–> both toxic, but will coverge on a common signal increasing the strength of the workings against predators

27
Q

What is apostematic coloratino

A

a defense and a warning (color or sound)

28
Q

Herbivory

A

+/0
generalist
specialist
*insects are the largest amount of herbivores

29
Q

What are herbiovre adaption exmaples

A

teeth
–> specialized, as they constantly are munching, continue to grow
guts, if no eat they aill migrate forwards
gut
–> symbiotic relation with microbes
–> hind gut
–> foregut
detoxification
–> caterpillars only eat one plants and has a highly specialized detoxification system
–> some eat and toxins put into separate organ

30
Q

Difference between hind gut and foregut

A

Hind gut eat everything and anything they can,
-have larger intestinal tracts
foregut–> want as much nutrient as possible,
some will eat everything yak and find whats good an whats not

30
Q

parsitism

A

+/-
-this is a good way to show that these interactions are a spectrum, this is like predation but some do not kill the host, but instead are harming it but not enough to kill it
–> reach a strong selective Pressure against each other so they reach a state of coexistence, (increasing host resistance and decreasing pathogen virulence)
but new strains still arise reminding use of evolutional changes

31
Q

Ectoparasite

A

outside the body
–>some are casual
–> others rae lifelong
hosts can actively work against it (such as frroming)

32
Q

endoparasite

A

inside host
these have unique strateigies of not killng host

33
Q

competition

A

-/-
occurs when 2 species require a limited resource
->competing species with the same niche cannot possibly coexist
–> if there is a slight overlap then they can find a way to coexist

34
Q

what is a niche

A

sum of the organism use of biotic and abiotic resources

35
Q

What are the outcomes of competition

A

–>can also affect species distribution
resource partitioning

–>differentiation of ecological niches in time and.or space enabling a similar species to coexist in a community
competitive exclusion

–>pushes to extinction, locally of competing species

36
Q

What happens when a species competes for a resource and they are perfectly aligned?

A

If they do not have the morphology or anatomy to partition the resource, competitive exclusion will happen

37
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+
a type of positive interaction
–> obligate
–> facultative

38
Q

facultative

A

mutualism’s are no require but survival increase where it exists
ex: mycorrhiza (fungi) helps produce mroe biomass, but will the roots will still be there without it

39
Q

obligate

A

mutualism’s are required for both species to live
ex: benefits hummingbird foods and the flower gets pollinators ( gametes spread, ) hummingbird gets face full of gametes

40
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0
bird on top of cattle, no affect on cattle but when it kicks up bugs the bird will have a meal

41
Q

What do community membership depend on?

A

There is like a environmental filters that slowly decide/show how community is formed
-1.) regional species pool and dispersal ability: can it disperse from where it is now
2.) physical and chemical environmental factors (climate): can it survive the habitats climate, local conditions, abiotic factors
3.) species interactions (biotic conditions) compete: can it effectively compete for resources that are already there (the biotic conditions)
–> could have no open niches no room to share resources, or even timing there could have been a fire recently so there is a limit on space

42
Q

In Shanons diversity index what does
-s
-pi
-H equal
and what does E mean in the other equation

A

= number of species, or the richness
= proportion total number of individuals to diff species
=Diversity that is a comparative value, (useless unless looking at another community and comparing it)
= relative abundance with other species

43
Q

Where is there more species diversity versus more on global scale

A

there is a negative correlation with altitude
why?
–> more time: poles had less time too speciate, the glaciers took a long time to melt but there was no glaciers in the tropic area
–> more production: in the tropic area there is more solar radiation at the equator, there is then more raw material for plants to turn into food, more food more plant types, more plants type more animals eating,
–> more stability: not resetiing every 10,000 years like at higher up areas, poles get the extremes no nuance changes
–> more area: more room for all this shit to happen, its the belly there is a larger circumfrence on it

44
Q

What is species diversity influenced by in island biogeogrpahy

How do you find species diversity?

A

influenced by immigration and extinction

-as extinction rises, species diversity rises
-less species, more immigration
-more immigration, tones of species

use equillibirum

45
Q

what is immigration rates influence by?

A

proximity to source areas
-how far an island is from mainland
-island that are closer will have more immigration and a steeper curve

46
Q

what is extinction influenced by?

A

area
-islands that are larger have shallower extinction curves

47
Q

foundation species

A

their abundance makes them very important in an ecosystem
-can be capable of providing a habitat and food for others

48
Q

keystone species

A

-impact is community wide, and disproportionate to abundance
-act in creating trophic cascades, having a large influence over community species richness, abundance, and composition

49
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

physically change the environment, for themselves and other species
-can be either keystone or foundation species,

50
Q

what is succession

A

temporal community change, how it goes through time
-how a community changes in species composition over time (txtbook)
- a result of both abiotic and biotic factors

51
Q

what is the reverse of succession

A

disturbance, stops it in its tracks
-can be abiotic sometimes bioitc
-can be from a ice storm, to hurricane maysoon

-

52
Q

How can succession and disturbance help determine community composition

A

species richness peak, when there is an intermediate disturbance levels, balance between disruption of competition and mortality leads to high diversity

Bio exam 3 (3 decks)

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