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A Level Physics > Module 5: Chapter 17 - Oscillations > Flashcards

Module 5: Chapter 17 - Oscillations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for the time period of an oscillating pendulum?

A

T² = 4π² l/g

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2
Q

What is the equation for the time period of an oscillating mass-spring system?

A

T² = 4π² m/k

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3
Q

What is the equation for the time period of a conical pendulum?

A

T² = 4π² r/g(tanθ)

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4
Q

Show how the equation for the time period of a conical pendulum is derived:

A
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5
Q

What are the 2 criteria for an object to be undergoing simple harmonic motion?

A
  • The acceleration of the object is towards a fixed point. The acceleration is the opposite direction to the displacement.
  • The acceleration is proportional to the displacement of the object
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6
Q

When is velocity greatest in simple harmonic motion?

A

When the displacement is 0

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7
Q

When is the velocity zero in simple harmonic motion?

A

When the displacement is at a maximum

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8
Q

When is the acceleration greatest in simple harmonic motion?

A
  • When the velocity is 0
  • When the displacement is at a maximum (in the opposite direction)
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9
Q

When is the acceleration zero in simple harmonic motion?

A
  • When the velocity is at a maximum
  • When the displacement is 0
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10
Q

What function describes displacement in simple harmonic motion?

A

a sinusoidal function

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11
Q

What determines whether the displacement of a simple harmonic system is described by a sin graph or a cos graph?

A

The intial displacement

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12
Q

When does a sin graph describe the displacement of a simple harmonic motion system?

A

When the displacement is initially 0

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13
Q

When does a cosine graph describe the displacement of a simple harmonic motion system?

A

When the displacement is intially at a maximum

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14
Q

What is the equation for the the displacement of a simple harmonic system?

assuming displacement starts at 0

A

x = A sin(ωt)

A = amplitude, ω = angular frequency/speed, t = time

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15
Q

What is the equation for the velocity of a simple harmonic system?

assuming displacement starts at 0

A
  • v = ωA cos(ωt)
  • v = ±ω root(A² - x²)

x = displacement, A = amplitude, ω = angular frequency/speed, t = time

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16
Q

What is the equation for the acceleration of a simple harmonic system?

assuming displacement starts at 0

A
  • a = -ω²A sin(ωt)
  • a = -ω²x

x = displacement, A = amplitude, ω = angular frequency/speed, t = time

17
Q

What is the equation for the maximum displacement of a simple harmonic system?

A

xₘₐₓ = A

18
Q

What is the equation for the maximum velocity of a simple harmonic system?

A

Vₘₐₓ = ωA

19
Q

What is the equation for the maximum acceleration of a simple harmonic system?

A

aₘₐₓ = -ω²A

20
Q

What is oscillating motion?

A

Repetitive motion of an object around its equilibrium position

21
Q

What is constant in simple harmonic motion?

A
  • ω, angular frequency/speed
  • T, time period

It is an isochronous oscillator!

22
Q

What is an isochronous oscillator?

A

An oscillator that has the same period regardless of amplitude (such as simple harmonic motion)

23
Q

What is damping?

A

An oscillation is damped when an external force that ocats on the oscillator has the effect of reducing the amplitude of its oscillations

24
Q

Describe the difference between light and heavy damping:

A
  • Light Damping is when the amplitude of the oscillator gradually decreases with time, but the period of the oscillations is almost unchanged.
  • Heavy Damping is when the amplitude decreases significantly, and the period of the oscillations will increase, there is hardly any oscillatory motion and the oscillator will move slowly back towards its equilibrium position
25
Q

Why does damping increase time period?

A

The damping force will act against the force of the oscillating motion, therefore the acceleration of the system will decrease causing the time to reach the equilibrium position to increase and therefore the time period

26
Q

What is free oscillation?

A

When a mechanical system is displaced from its equilibrium position and then allowed to oscillate without any external forces

27
Q

What is the natural frequency of an oscillator?

A

The frequency of free oscillation

28
Q

What is a forced oscillation?

A

An oscillation in which a periodic driver force is applied to an oscillator, the object will vibrate at the frequency of the driving force (driving frequency)

29
Q

What will happen if the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency of an oscillator?

A

The system will resonate

30
Q

Explain which paper cone will oscillate with the largest frequency when pendulum D is oscillating at its natural frequency and why

A

The heavy pendulum D acts as a driver for the paper cone pendulums. Pendulum D oscillates at its natural frequency causing all the other pendulums to oscillate at the same frequency. As pendulum 2 is of the same length as pendulum D, it has the same natural frequency and will therefore resonate causing the amplitude to be greater than all the surrounding pendulums

31
Q

What is an example of light damping?

A

A pendulum oscillating in air

32
Q

What is an example of heavy damping?

A

A pendulum oscillating in water

33
Q

What is resonance?

A

The increase in amplitude of a forced oscillation when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of the oscillating system

34
Q

What happens if a resonanting system is not damped?

A

The amplitude of the oscillation increases considerably, if not damped the amplitude will increase to the point at which the object fails

35
Q

What are examples of when resonance is utilised?

A
  • Many clocks keep time using the resonance of a pendulum or a quartz crystal
  • Many musical instruments have bodies that resonate to produce louder notes
  • Some types of tuning circuits use resonance effects to select the correct frequency of radio wave signal
  • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) enables diagnostic scans of the body without surgery or harmful x-rays
36
Q

What does damping a forced oscillation achieve?

A
  • It reduces the maximum amplitude at resonance (and all other frequencies)
  • Decreases the frequency of when the maximum amplitude occurs
  • On a graph of “amplitude of forced oscillation” against driving frequency, there is a broader and flatter curve
37
Q

What type of oscillator is simple harmonic motion and why?

A

An isochronous oscillator, the time period is the same regardless of amplitude

A Level Physics (29 decks)

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