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Cell and Molecular Biology > Module 5: Cell Signaling: 5 Signaling in Plants > Flashcards

Module 5: Cell Signaling: 5 Signaling in Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plants coordinate their activities in response to changing conditions of: (3)

A
  • light
  • dark
  • temperature
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2
Q

The plant’s cycle of growth, flowering, and fruiting involves signaling among (what parts of the plant): (3)

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
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3
Q

Signaling in plants includes understanding how plant cells communicate with one another and respond to __.

A

light

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4
Q

evolved independently in plants and animals.

A
  • Multicellularity
  • cell communication
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5
Q

Plants and animals share the use of __, __, __, and __ for signaling.

A
  • nitric oxide (NO)
  • cyclic GMP
  • Ca²⁺
  • Rho family GTPases
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6
Q

The genome of __ does not encode homologs of the nuclear receptor family, Ras, JAK, STAT, TGFβ, Notch, Wnt, or Hedgehog signaling pathways.

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

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7
Q

The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana does not encode homologs of the __ (8) signaling pathways.

A
  • nuclear receptor family
  • Ras
  • JAK
  • STAT
  • TGFβ
  • Notch
  • Wnt
  • Hedgehog
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8
Q

Plants do not use __ for signaling.

A

cyclic AMP

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9
Q
  • Cell-surface receptors in plants are __. (what type)
  • They include transmembrane receptor __.
  • These receptors have a __ and an __ . (what domains)
A
  • enzyme-coupled
  • serine/threonine kinases
  • serine/threonine kinase cytoplasmic domain
  • extracellular ligand-binding domain
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10
Q

a type of cell-surface receptor in plants.

A

Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases

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11
Q

There are __ (how many) LRR receptor kinases identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, including __, which is part of a cell-surface steroid hormone receptor.

A
  • 175
  • Bri1
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12
Q

regulate the growth and differentiation of plants

A

Brassinosteroids

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13
Q

The binding of __ to a Br1 cell-surface receptor kinase leads to the __ of specific transcription regulatory proteins.

A
  • brassinosteroids
  • degradation
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14
Q
  • __, also known as __ or __, help to coordinate plant development.
  • These are small molecules produced by most plant cells and can diffuse readily through cell walls.
  • can act locally or be transported to influence cells located further away.
A
  • Plant hormones
  • phytohormones
  • plant growth regulators
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15
Q

Major types of plant hormones include: (6)

A
  • ethylene
  • auxin
  • cytokinin
  • gibberellins
  • abscisic acid
  • brassinosteroids
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16
Q
  • a small gas molecule that plays several roles in plant physiology.
  • promotes fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and plant senescence and acts as a stress signal in response to wounding, infection, and flooding.
A

ethylene

17
Q

Ethylene promotes __, __, and __.

A
  • fruit ripening
  • leaf abscission
  • plant senescence
18
Q

Ethylene acts as a stress signal in response to __, __, and __.

A
  • wounding
  • infection
  • flooding
19
Q

In plants, it is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and consists of dimeric, multipass transmembrane proteins.

A

Ethylene receptors

20
Q

In plants, it has a copper-containing ethylene binding domain that interacts with cytoplasmic regions.

A

CTR1

21
Q

Ethylene Signaling Pathway:
- __ stimulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of the nuclear transcription regulator __ in proteasomes.
- The binding of __ activates the receptors, altering their conformation, which prevents them from activating certain genes.
- Once released from degradation, __ can now activate the transcription of a large number of __.

A
  • CTR1
  • EIN3
  • ethylene
  • EIN3
  • ethylene-responsive genes
22
Q

It promotes growth toward light, upward growth rather than branching out, and downward root growth.

A

Auxin

23
Q

Auxin is also known as

A

indole-3-acetic acid

24
Q

Auxin promotes growth toward __, __ growth, and __ root growth.

A
  • light
  • upward
  • downward
25
Q
  • It is involved in the initiation and positioning of various plant structures, aiding in flowering and fruiting.
  • It influences gene expression by controlling the degradation of transcription regulators.
A

Auxin

26
Q

stimulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of repressor proteins that block the transcription of auxin target genes in unstimulated cells.

A

Auxin

27
Q

Auxin stimulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of repressor proteins that block the transcription of __ in unstimulated cells.

A

auxin target genes

28
Q

Auxin has its transport system within plant cells.
The transport system includes plasma-membrane-bound __ and __. (what proteins)

A
  • influx transporter proteins
  • efflux transporter proteins
29
Q

In the transport system of auxin, it can be distributed asymmetrically in the plasma membrane, affecting auxin distribution within the plant.

A

efflux transporters

30
Q
  • The localization of __ and the direction of __ are highly dynamic and regulated.
  • This regulation is achieved by controlling the traffic of __.
  • Auxin also inhibits __.
A
  • auxin transporters
  • auxin flow
  • vesicles
  • root-cell elongation
31
Q
  • Light-sensitive proteins are known as __.
  • These proteins have a covalently attached light-absorbing __, which changes shape in response to light, inducing a change in the protein’s conformation.
A
  • photoproteins
  • chromophore
32
Q
  • involved in sensing red light (activates) and far-red light (inactivates).
  • can phosphorylate themselves and then phosphorylate one or more proteins in the cell.
  • They translocate into the nucleus and activate transcription regulators.
A

Phytochromes

33
Q

Phytochromes are involved in sensing __ light (activates) and __ light (inactivates).
- can __ themselves and then __ one or more proteins in the cell.
- They translocate into the __ and activate __.

A
  • red
  • far-red
  • phosphorylate
  • phosphorylate
  • nucleus
  • transcription regulators
34
Q

detected by __ and __.

A
  • phototropin
  • cryptochromes
35
Q

responsible for phototropism, the tendency of plants to grow toward light.

A

Phototropin

36
Q

flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light.

A

Cryptochromes

37
Q
  • These proteins are involved in the repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage.
  • also found in animals and play an important role in circadian clocks.
A

Cryptochromes

Cell and Molecular Biology (20 decks)

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