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general psychology > module 5 biology > Flashcards

module 5 biology Flashcards

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1
Q

osmoconformers

A

do not attempt to regulate internal concentration of solutes and water, it is just the same as their surroundings

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1
Q

osmoregulators

A

have set points for fluid levels and solute concentration, regulation of this is an important part of homeostasis, how they do it depends on environment

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2
Q

marine fishes

A

live in saltwater (hyperosmotic environment), must get rid of electrolytes, must retain water

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3
Q

freshwater fishes

A

live in hypo osmotic environment, must get rid of water, retain electrolytes

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4
Q

land animals

A

consume water by eating or drinking, regulate fluid and electrolyte levels

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5
Q

minimize water loss (insects)

A

exoskeleton has 3 components (cuticle) 1. chitin (N containing polysaccharide) 2. protein 3. wax

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6
Q

opening to tracheal system is regulated by muscles at

A

spiracles

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7
Q

regulation of fluid and electrolyte levels

A
  • malpighian tubes
  • large surface area
  • in contact with hemolymph (blood of insect) and hind gut
  • forms filtrate that goes to hind gut to be excreted
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8
Q

formation of filtrate

A
  • epithelial cells transport K+ out of hemolymph and into filtrate
  • water follows
  • other electrolytes and waste diffuse down the gradient in tubules
  • modifications occur to filtrate depending on level of hydration
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9
Q

kidneys (2)

A
  • filter blood, regulate fluid/ electrolyte levels
  • removes toxins and waste -> produce urine
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10
Q

ureters (2)

A

carry urine to bladder

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11
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

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12
Q

urethra

A

empty urine

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13
Q

anatomy of kidney

A

-hillus
-cortex
-medulla

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14
Q

hillus

A

concave region, blood vessels enter and exit, ureter drains kidneys

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15
Q

cortex

A

inner portion

16
Q

medulla

A

outer portion

17
Q

small functional units of the kidneys

A

nephron

18
Q

renal corpuscle

A

site of filtration
- glomerulus: capillary network under pressure
- Bowmans capsule: receives filtered fluid (filtrate)

19
Q

filtrate consists of

A
  • K+
  • Cl-
  • H2O
  • glucose
  • urea
  • vitamins
  • waste
20
Q

renal tubules

A
  • proximal consulted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of henle (LOH) (descending and ascending)
  • distal convulted tubule (DCT)
  • collecting duct (CD) (receives waste from DCT)
21
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

surround the entire renal tubule

22
Q

vasa recta

A

blood vessels closely associated with loop of henle

23
Q

major functions of nephron

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

24
Q

filtration of nephron

A
  • fluid solutes that leave the glomerulus and enter Bowmans capsule as filtrate
  • filtration membrane consists of endothelial cells that have pores to allow solutes through
  • filtration membrane also consists of podocytes that are the cells of Bowmans capsule that wrap around the endothelial cells
25
Q

reabsorption of nephron

A

solutes leave filtrate and enter the peritubular capillaries (most occurs in the PCT)(keep in body)

26
Q

secretion of the nephron

A

solutes leave the peritubular capillaries and enter the filtrate (second chance to get any other waste out)

27
Q

basics of urine (concentrated or dilute)

A

he filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle has the same osmotic concentration as the plasma (300 mOsm/L) (filtrate and ISF are isotonic)

-Solutes and water are removed from the PCT (volume of filtrate decreases, filtrate and ISF are isotonic)

-H2O is reabsorbed from the descending LOH (filtrate and and ISF are isotonic)

-Thick ascending limp of LOH is impermeable to H2O and solutes (Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the filtrate)(Filtrate is hypotonic in ascending limb of the LOH and DCT)

-If ADH is present, H2O can be reabsorbed doom the DCT and the CD producing CONCENTRATED urine 1200 mOsm/L

-if not exposed to ADH, urine is dilute 65 mOsm/L

28
Q

formation of concentrated urine

A

-advantage during exercise and dehydration
-the process is dependent upon
1. osmotic gradient
2. counter current flow
3. different absorption properties
4. secretion of ADH

-secretion of aldosterone

-yellow urine

29
Q

formation of dilute urine

A
  • lack of ADH
  • the DCT and the CD are impermeable to H2O
    -results in dilute urine 65mOsm/L

-lack of aldosterone
-Na remains in the filtrate and is excreted

-clear urine

30
Q

gas exchange

A
  • diffusion across body surface
  • gills
  • insects
  • vertebrate lungs
  • bird lung
31
Q

diffusion across body surface

A
  • simplest
  • must be small organism
  • surface must be kept moist
32
Q

gills

A

-special structures the project into water used for gas exchange
-can be external or internal and must move water continuously over them
-gills of bony fishes are similar
-organized into gill filaments and gill lamellae
-fill is very efficient due to countercurrent flow mechanism
-blood flows in opposite direction of water

33
Q

insects

A

-tracheal system: complex network of tubes that allow for direct diffusion of air in tissue
-contraction of surrounding flight muscles helps move air in and out of system

34
Q

vertebrate lungs

A

Nose->pharynx->larynx->trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli
-alveoli (site of gas exchange)
-airflow created by breathing muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals)
-inspiration (increase volume of thoracic cavity, pressure goes down)
-exhalation- passive force that relaxes breathing muscles

35
Q

bird lung

A
  • undirectional airflow, more efficient
  • gas exchange often occurs during exhalation
36
Q

blood is important for

A
  • transportation: nutrients, hormones, gases and wastes are all transported through blood
  • protection: blood contains white blood cells that provide protection against foreign invaders, blood also contains platelets that allow for clotting to occur
  • regulation: pH- 7.35-7.45, osmolarity of tissues, temperature regulation
37
Q

composition of blood

A
  • plasma
  • formed elements
38
Q
A

general psychology (3 decks)

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