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NRS 270: Pharmacology > Module 5: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Pharm Overview > Flashcards

Module 5: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Pharm Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic Classification of the SNS

A
  • thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
  • Preganglionic fibers:
    • SHORT: terminate in ganglia at paravertebral chains
    • some longer: terminate in prevertebral ganglia
      • i.e. in front of vertebrae
  • Postganglionic fibers:
    • LONG: run to innervated tissues
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2
Q

Anatomic Classicification of the PSNS

A
  • craniosacral
  • Preganglionic fibers:
    • LONG: terminate just outside of the target organ
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3
Q

Anatomical Classification of the Enteric Nervous System

A

(ENS)

  • neurons located in the walls of the GI system
  • myenteric plexus
    • network of nerves between the layers of the muscular propria of the GI system
      • responsible for peristalsis among other things
      • **Regulates MOTILITY**
  • submucus plexus
    • regulates the configuration of the luminal surface
    • **Regulates SECRETION**
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4
Q

The Neurotransmitters

A
  • Cholinergic:
    • release ACh
      • all preganglionic efferent and somatic fibers
      • most postganglionic parasympathetic and few sympathetic fibers
  • Noradrenergic (adrenergic)
    • release norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
    • mostly postganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • Dopaminergic
    • release dopamine
    • peripheral sympathetic fibers
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Peptides
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5
Q

Drugs that Affect ACh Release

A
  • Botulinum Toxin:
    • indications: upper motor neuron syndrome, migraine, excessive sweating, cervical dystonia, eye muscles spasm
    • enzymatic rmoval of amino acids on SNAPs and VAMPs
    • irreversibly block ACh vesicle release leads to muscle paralysis
  • Black-widow venom (alpha latrotoxin)
    • stimulates the release of ACh and increases muscle contraction
    • when ACh is depleted you end up with muscle paralysis
    • no therapeutic application yet
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6
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A
  • drug that affects ACh release
  • indications: upper motor neuron syndrome, migraine, excessive sweating, cervical dystonia, eye muscles spasm
  • enzymatic rmoval of amino acids on SNAPs and VAMPs
  • irreversibly block ACh vesicle release leads to muscle paralysis
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7
Q

Black-Widow Venom (alpha latrotoxin)

A
  • drug that affects ACh release
  • stimulates the release of ACh and increases muscle contraction
  • when ACh is depleted you end up with muscle paralysis
  • no therapeutic application yet
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8
Q

Fate of Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine

A
  • bind to receptors
  • gets broken down by acetylcholinesterase
  • very short half-life (fraction of a second)
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9
Q

Fate of Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines

A
  • bind to receptors
  • diffuse away
  • reuptake
  • metabolized by enzymes
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10
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle strength, and mental alertness.
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11
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

involved in the metabolism of catecholamines

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12
Q

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)

A
  • involved in the metabolism of caetcholamines
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13
Q

Postsynaptic Regulation of Signals

A

2 Mechanisms:

  1. up or down regulation receptors
    1. ex: surgical denervation of skeletal muscle = proliferation of nicotinic receptors over all parts of nerve fiber
  2. Controlling through electric potential
    1. excitatory postsynaptic potential
    2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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14
Q

Presynaptic Regulation of Signals

A
  • provide feedback via autoreceptors
    • stimulation of alpha 2 decreases release of NE
    • stimulateion of beta receptors facilitates release of NE
  • G-proteins inhibit Ca2+ intake leads to inhibition of vesicular fusion
  • Provide feedback via heteroreceptors
    • activated by substances released from other nerve cells
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15
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the radial muscle of the iris

A

alpha1 = dilation

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16
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the ciliary muscle of the iris

A

Beta 2

relaxation for far vision (dilation)

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17
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the lacrimal glands

A

alpha 1

secretion

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18
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the Sailvary glands

A

alpha 1

secretion of potassium and water

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19
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the SA node of the heart

A

Beta 1 and Beta 2

increase heart rate

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20
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the atrial heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase contractility and conduction velocity

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21
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the AV junction

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase automaticity and propagation velocity

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22
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the Purkinje system of the heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase automaticity and propagation velocity

23
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the ventricles of the heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase contractility

24
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the coronary arterioles

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 2

constriction and dilation

25
Adrenergic receptors of the arterioles of the skin and mucosa
alpha 1 and alpha 2 constriction
26
Adrenergic receptors of the arterioles of the skeletal muscle
alpha, beta 2 dilation, constriction
27
Adrenergic receptors of the cerebral arterioles
alpha 1 constriction (slight)
28
Adrenergic receptors of the pulmonary arterioles
alpha 1 and beta 2 constriction, dilation
29
Adrenergic receptors of the mesenteric arterioles
alpha 1 constriction
30
Adrenergic receptors of the renal arterioles
alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2 constriction, dilation
31
Adrenergic receptors of the salivary gland arterioles
alpha 1 and alpha 2 constriction
32
Adrenergic receptors of the veins (systemic)
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 2 constriction, dilation
33
Adrenergic receptors of the bronchial muscles
alpha 2 relaxation
34
Adrenergic receptors of the bronchial glands
alpha 1 and beta 2 decrease secretion, increase secretion
35
Adrenergic receptors of the stomach motility
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 decrease (usually)
36
Adrenergic receptors of the stomach sphincters
alpha 1 contraction (usually)
37
Adrenergic receptors of stomach secretion
alpha 2 inhibition
38
Adrenergic receptors of the liver
alpha 1 and beta 2 glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
39
Adrenergic receptors of the gallbladder and ducts
beta 2 relaxation
40
Adrenergic receptors of the acini of the pancreas
alpha decrease secretion
41
Adrenergic receptors of the islet cells of the pancreas
alpha 2, beta 2 decrease secretion, increase secretion
42
Adrenergic receptors of the motility and tone of the intestine
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 decrease
43
Adrenergic receptors of the intestine sphincters
alpha 1 contraction
44
Adrenergic receptors of intestinal secretion
alpha 2 inhibition
45
Adrenergic receptors of renin secretion in the kidney
alpha 1, beta 1 decrease; increase
46
Adrenergic receptors of ureter motility and tone
Beta 1 increase
47
Adrenergic receptors of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder
beta 2 relaxation
48
Adrenergic receptors of the trigone and sphincter of the urinary bladder
alpha 1 contraction
49
Adrenergic receptors of the male sex organs
alpha 1 ejaculation
50
Adrenergic receptors of the pilomotor muscles of the skin
alpha 1 contraction
51
Adrenergic receptors of the sweat glands
alpha 1 localized secretion
52
Adrenergic receptors of the fat cells of the skin
alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3 inhibition of lipolysis, stimulation of lypolysis
53
Adrenergic receptors of the pineal gland
Beta melatonin synthesis

NRS 270: Pharmacology (14 decks)

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