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NRS 270: Pharmacology > Module 5: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Pharm Overview > Flashcards

Module 5: Autonomic & Somatic Nervous System Pharm Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic Classification of the SNS

A
  • thoracolumbar (T1-L2)
  • Preganglionic fibers:
    • SHORT: terminate in ganglia at paravertebral chains
    • some longer: terminate in prevertebral ganglia
      • i.e. in front of vertebrae
  • Postganglionic fibers:
    • LONG: run to innervated tissues
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2
Q

Anatomic Classicification of the PSNS

A
  • craniosacral
  • Preganglionic fibers:
    • LONG: terminate just outside of the target organ
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3
Q

Anatomical Classification of the Enteric Nervous System

A

(ENS)

  • neurons located in the walls of the GI system
  • myenteric plexus
    • network of nerves between the layers of the muscular propria of the GI system
      • responsible for peristalsis among other things
      • **Regulates MOTILITY**
  • submucus plexus
    • regulates the configuration of the luminal surface
    • **Regulates SECRETION**
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4
Q

The Neurotransmitters

A
  • Cholinergic:
    • release ACh
      • all preganglionic efferent and somatic fibers
      • most postganglionic parasympathetic and few sympathetic fibers
  • Noradrenergic (adrenergic)
    • release norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
    • mostly postganglionic sympathetic fibers
  • Dopaminergic
    • release dopamine
    • peripheral sympathetic fibers
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Peptides
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5
Q

Drugs that Affect ACh Release

A
  • Botulinum Toxin:
    • indications: upper motor neuron syndrome, migraine, excessive sweating, cervical dystonia, eye muscles spasm
    • enzymatic rmoval of amino acids on SNAPs and VAMPs
    • irreversibly block ACh vesicle release leads to muscle paralysis
  • Black-widow venom (alpha latrotoxin)
    • stimulates the release of ACh and increases muscle contraction
    • when ACh is depleted you end up with muscle paralysis
    • no therapeutic application yet
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6
Q

Botulinum Toxin

A
  • drug that affects ACh release
  • indications: upper motor neuron syndrome, migraine, excessive sweating, cervical dystonia, eye muscles spasm
  • enzymatic rmoval of amino acids on SNAPs and VAMPs
  • irreversibly block ACh vesicle release leads to muscle paralysis
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7
Q

Black-Widow Venom (alpha latrotoxin)

A
  • drug that affects ACh release
  • stimulates the release of ACh and increases muscle contraction
  • when ACh is depleted you end up with muscle paralysis
  • no therapeutic application yet
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8
Q

Fate of Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine

A
  • bind to receptors
  • gets broken down by acetylcholinesterase
  • very short half-life (fraction of a second)
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9
Q

Fate of Neurotransmitters: Catecholamines

A
  • bind to receptors
  • diffuse away
  • reuptake
  • metabolized by enzymes
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10
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline)
  • increase heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, muscle strength, and mental alertness.
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11
Q

Monoamine Oxidase

A

involved in the metabolism of catecholamines

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12
Q

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)

A
  • involved in the metabolism of caetcholamines
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13
Q

Postsynaptic Regulation of Signals

A

2 Mechanisms:

  1. up or down regulation receptors
    1. ex: surgical denervation of skeletal muscle = proliferation of nicotinic receptors over all parts of nerve fiber
  2. Controlling through electric potential
    1. excitatory postsynaptic potential
    2. inhibitory postsynaptic potential
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14
Q

Presynaptic Regulation of Signals

A
  • provide feedback via autoreceptors
    • stimulation of alpha 2 decreases release of NE
    • stimulateion of beta receptors facilitates release of NE
  • G-proteins inhibit Ca2+ intake leads to inhibition of vesicular fusion
  • Provide feedback via heteroreceptors
    • activated by substances released from other nerve cells
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15
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the radial muscle of the iris

A

alpha1 = dilation

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16
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the ciliary muscle of the iris

A

Beta 2

relaxation for far vision (dilation)

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17
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the lacrimal glands

A

alpha 1

secretion

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18
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the Sailvary glands

A

alpha 1

secretion of potassium and water

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19
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the SA node of the heart

A

Beta 1 and Beta 2

increase heart rate

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20
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the atrial heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase contractility and conduction velocity

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21
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the AV junction

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase automaticity and propagation velocity

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22
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the Purkinje system of the heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase automaticity and propagation velocity

23
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the ventricles of the heart

A

beta 1 and beta 2

increase contractility

24
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the coronary arterioles

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta 2

constriction and dilation

25
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the arterioles of the skin and mucosa

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

constriction

26
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the arterioles of the skeletal muscle

A

alpha, beta 2

dilation, constriction

27
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the cerebral arterioles

A

alpha 1

constriction (slight)

28
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the pulmonary arterioles

A

alpha 1 and beta 2

constriction, dilation

29
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the mesenteric arterioles

A

alpha 1 constriction

30
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the renal arterioles

A

alpha 1, beta 1, beta 2

constriction, dilation

31
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the salivary gland arterioles

A

alpha 1 and alpha 2

constriction

32
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the veins (systemic)

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 2

constriction, dilation

33
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the bronchial muscles

A

alpha 2

relaxation

34
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the bronchial glands

A

alpha 1 and beta 2

decrease secretion, increase secretion

35
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the stomach motility

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

decrease (usually)

36
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the stomach sphincters

A

alpha 1

contraction (usually)

37
Q

Adrenergic receptors of stomach secretion

A

alpha 2

inhibition

38
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the liver

A

alpha 1 and beta 2

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

39
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the gallbladder and ducts

A

beta 2

relaxation

40
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the acini of the pancreas

A

alpha

decrease secretion

41
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the islet cells of the pancreas

A

alpha 2, beta 2

decrease secretion, increase secretion

42
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the motility and tone of the intestine

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

decrease

43
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the intestine sphincters

A

alpha 1

contraction

44
Q

Adrenergic receptors of intestinal secretion

A

alpha 2

inhibition

45
Q

Adrenergic receptors of renin secretion in the kidney

A

alpha 1, beta 1

decrease; increase

46
Q

Adrenergic receptors of ureter motility and tone

A

Beta 1

increase

47
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder

A

beta 2

relaxation

48
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the trigone and sphincter of the urinary bladder

A

alpha 1

contraction

49
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the male sex organs

A

alpha 1

ejaculation

50
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the pilomotor muscles of the skin

A

alpha 1

contraction

51
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the sweat glands

A

alpha 1

localized secretion

52
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the fat cells of the skin

A

alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, beta 3

inhibition of lipolysis, stimulation of lypolysis

53
Q

Adrenergic receptors of the pineal gland

A

Beta

melatonin synthesis

NRS 270: Pharmacology (14 decks)

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