MODULE 5

Question 1

it is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;

Answer 1

biodiversity

Question 2

it is the source of the essential goods
and ecological services that constitute the source of life for all and it has direct consumptive value in food,
agriculture, medicine, and in industry.” (Villaggio Globale, 2009)

Answer 2

biodiversity

Question 3

A significant decline in biodiversity has a direct human impact when an ecosystem in its insufficiency
can no longer provide the physical as well as social needs of human beings.

true or false?

Answer 3

true

Question 4

There are major threats to biodiversity that
were identified by the United Nations’
Environment Programme (WHO, n.d.).

which are?

Answer 4

1. Habitat loss and destruction
2. Alternations in the ecosystem composition
3. Pollution and contamination
4. Over-exploitation
5. Global climate change

Question 5

Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels:

Answer 5

1. the ecosystem
2. the species in the ecosystem;
3. genetic diversity within species.

Question 6

Activities that promote health and extend
human life could have adverse environmental
effects:

Answer 6

1. Food production
2. Health care facilities
3. Overpopulation

Question 7

It is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses.

Answer 7

gene therapy

Question 8

It was actually first realized in 1971 when the first recombinant
DNA experiments were planned.

Answer 8

Human Gene Therapy

Question 9

It can be simply viewed as the insertion of foreign DNA into a patient’s tissue that hopes to successfully eradicate the targeted disease.

Answer 9

Human Gene Therapy

Question 10

Basic Process of Gene Therapy

Answer 10

1. Replacement of mutated genes that causes disease with a healthy copy of a gene.
2. Inactivation of a mutated gene that is
   functioning improperly.
3. Introducing a new gene into the body to help
   fight a disease.

Question 11

It is inserted into another

gene using a carrier or vector.

Answer 11

gene

Question 12

Types of Gene Therapy

Answer 12

1. Somatic Gene Therapy

2. Germline Gene Therapy

Question 13

It involves the manipulation of genes
in cells that will be helpful to the patient but not inherited to
the next generation

Answer 13

Somatic gene therapy

Question 14

It involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the
origin cells that will pass the change on to the next
generation

Answer 14

Germline Gene Therapy

Question 15

they are mother cells that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body.

Answer 15

Stem cells

Question 16

One of the main

characteristic of stem cells are:

Answer 16

1. their ability to self-renew or multiply while maintaining the potential to develop into
   other types of cells.

Question 17

It can become cells of the blood, heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain, among others.

Answer 17

Stem cells

Question 18

2 sources of stem cell

Answer 18

1. embryonic

2. somatic stem cells

Question 19

it is derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of
development.

Answer 19

embryonic stem cells

Question 20

they are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics where
several eggs are fertilized in a test tube then implanted into a woman (Crosta, 2013) .

Answer 20

embryos

Question 21

they are cells that exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of
different types of tissue.

Answer 21

somatic stem cells

Question 22

These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood
vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.

Answer 22

somatic stem cells

Question 23

These stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling them to generate a range of cell
types from the originating organ or even regenerate the entire original organ.

Answer 23

somatic stem cells

Question 24

It refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for continuous
period of time.

Answer 24

Climate change

Question 25

According to the_______, a United Nations body that evaluates climate change; -world's climate has changed significantly over the past century; the significant change has human influence. -global mean surface temperature will increase between 1°C and 3.5°C by 2100.

Answer 25

Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change

Question 26

Natural Causes

Answer 26

1. Volcanic Eruptions 2. Orbital Changes 3. Carbon Dioxide Theory

Question 27

It erupted in 1816 which is considered the largest known eruption in human history.

Answer 27

Mount Tambora of Indonesia

Question 28

it emits different natural aerosols like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dust, and even microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

Answer 28

volcanoes

Question 29

It can cause a cooling effect to the lithosphere because its emitted aerosol can block a certain percentage of solar radiation.

Answer 29

volcanic eruption

Question 30

This theory states "that as the Earth travels through space around the Sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth-Sun geometry combine to produce variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth.

Answer 30

Milankovitch theory

Question 31

three elements of Orbital Changes

Answer 31

1. Eccentricity 2. Obliquity 3. Precessions

Question 32

It is a term used to describe the shape of | Earth's orbit around the Sun.

Answer 32

Eccentricity

Question 33

It influences seasonal differences:

Answer 33

eccentricity

Question 34

when Earth is closest to the Sun, it gets more solar radiation. If the perihelion occurs during the winter, the winter is less severe. If a hemisphere has its summer while relatively warm. true or false?

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Itis the variation of the tilt of Earth's axis away from the orbital plane. As this tilt changes, the seasons become more exaggerated.

Answer 35

Obliquity

Question 36

``` "The more tilt means more severe seasons— warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means less severe seasons—cooler summers and milder winters." ```

Answer 36

obliquity

Question 37

It is the change in the orientation of Earth's rotational axis.

Answer 37

Precessions

Question 38

Precession is caused by two factors:

Answer 38

1. a wobble of Earth's axis 2. turning around of the elliptical orbit of Earth itself.

Question 39

``` The change in the axis location changes the dates of perihelion (closest distance from Sun) and aphelion (farthest distance from Sun), and this increases the seasonal the contrast in one hemisphere while decreasing it in the other hemisphere ```

Answer 39

Precessions

Question 40

(closest distance from Sun)

Answer 40

perihelion

Question 41

(farthest distance from | Sun)

Answer 41

aphelion

Question 42

It is added when power and heat are produced by burning coal, oil, and other fossils fuels.

Answer 42

Carbon dioxide

Question 43

``` It absorbs part of the infrared radiation in the air and returns it to the ground keeping the air near the surface warmer than it would be if the carbon dioxide did not act like a blanket. ```

Answer 43

Carbon dioxide

Question 44

They affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared (thermal) radiation that is part of Earth's energy balance.

Answer 44

Greenhouse gases and aerosols

Question 45

Human activities result in emissions of four principal greenhouse gases:

Answer 45

1. carbon dioxide (CO2) 2. methane (CH4), 3. nitrous oxide (N20) 4. halocarbons

Question 46

a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

Answer 46

halocarbons

Question 47

it releases carbon dioxide.

Answer 47

Deforestation

Question 48

emission due to agriculture, natural gas distribution, and landfills.

Answer 48

High methane

Question 49

emitted by human activities such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel burning.

Answer 49

High nitrous oxide

Question 50

Effects of Climate | Change on Human Society

Answer 50

o It directly affects the basic elements of people's lives like water, food, health, use of land, and the environment. o With the average global temperature which is predicted to rise by 2 to 3°C within the next fifty years, glaciers will continue to melt faster. o Rising sea levels may result in more flooded areas each year with a warming of 3 or 4°C. There will be serious risks and increasing pressures for coastal protection. o Declining crop yields due to drought, especially in Africa, are likely to leave hundreds of millions without the ability to produce or purchase sufficient food. o Ocean edification, a direct result of rising carbon dioxide levels, will have major effects on marine ecosystems, with possible adverse consequences on fish stocks. o Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition and heat stress. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever could become more widespread if effective control measures are not in place. o Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one study estimating that around 15-40% of species face, extinction with 2°C of warming.