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STS > MODULE 5 > Flashcards

MODULE 5 Flashcards

1
Q

it is the variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial,
marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;

A

biodiversity

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2
Q

it is the source of the essential goods
and ecological services that constitute the source of life for all and it has direct consumptive value in food,
agriculture, medicine, and in industry.” (Villaggio Globale, 2009)

A

biodiversity

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3
Q

A significant decline in biodiversity has a direct human impact when an ecosystem in its insufficiency
can no longer provide the physical as well as social needs of human beings.

true or false?

A

true

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4
Q

There are major threats to biodiversity that
were identified by the United Nations’
Environment Programme (WHO, n.d.).

which are?

A
  1. Habitat loss and destruction
  2. Alternations in the ecosystem composition
  3. Pollution and contamination
  4. Over-exploitation
  5. Global climate change
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5
Q

Nutrition and biodiversity are linked at many levels:

A
  1. the ecosystem
  2. the species in the ecosystem;
  3. genetic diversity within species.
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6
Q

Activities that promote health and extend
human life could have adverse environmental
effects:

A
  1. Food production
  2. Health care facilities
  3. Overpopulation
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7
Q

It is a potential method to either treat or cure genetic-related human illnesses.

A

gene therapy

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8
Q

It was actually first realized in 1971 when the first recombinant
DNA experiments were planned.

A

Human Gene Therapy

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9
Q

It can be simply viewed as the insertion of foreign DNA into a patient’s tissue that hopes to successfully eradicate the targeted disease.

A

Human Gene Therapy

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10
Q

Basic Process of Gene Therapy

A
  1. Replacement of mutated genes that causes disease with a healthy copy of a gene.
  2. Inactivation of a mutated gene that is
    functioning improperly.
  3. Introducing a new gene into the body to help
    fight a disease.
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11
Q

It is inserted into another

gene using a carrier or vector.

A

gene

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12
Q

Types of Gene Therapy

A
  1. Somatic Gene Therapy

2. Germline Gene Therapy

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13
Q

It involves the manipulation of genes
in cells that will be helpful to the patient but not inherited to
the next generation

A

Somatic gene therapy

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14
Q

It involves the genetic modification of germ cells or the
origin cells that will pass the change on to the next
generation

A

Germline Gene Therapy

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15
Q

they are mother cells that have the potential to become any type of cell in the body.

A

Stem cells

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16
Q

One of the main

characteristic of stem cells are:

A
  1. their ability to self-renew or multiply while maintaining the potential to develop into
    other types of cells.
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17
Q

It can become cells of the blood, heart, bones, skin, muscles, brain, among others.

A

Stem cells

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18
Q

2 sources of stem cell

A
  1. embryonic

2. somatic stem cells

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19
Q

it is derived from a four- or five-day-old human embryo that is in the blastocyst phase of
development.

A

embryonic stem cells

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20
Q

they are usually extras that have been created in IVF (in vitro fertilization) clinics where
several eggs are fertilized in a test tube then implanted into a woman (Crosta, 2013) .

A

embryos

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21
Q

they are cells that exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found inside of
different types of tissue.

A

somatic stem cells

22
Q

These stem cells have been found in tissues such as the brain, bone marrow, blood, blood
vessels, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver.

A

somatic stem cells

23
Q

These stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely, enabling them to generate a range of cell
types from the originating organ or even regenerate the entire original organ.

A

somatic stem cells

24
Q

It refers to the statistically significant changes in climate for continuous
period of time.

A

Climate change

25
Q

According to the_______, a United Nations body that evaluates climate change;

-world’s climate has changed significantly over the past century; the significant change
has human influence.
-global mean surface temperature will increase between 1°C and 3.5°C by 2100.

A

Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change

26
Q

Natural Causes

A
  1. Volcanic Eruptions
  2. Orbital Changes
  3. Carbon Dioxide Theory
27
Q

It erupted in 1816 which is considered the largest known eruption in human history.

A

Mount Tambora of Indonesia

28
Q

it emits different natural aerosols like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxides, salt crystals, volcanic ashes or dust, and even microorganisms like bacteria and viruses.

A

volcanoes

29
Q

It can cause a cooling effect to the lithosphere because its emitted aerosol can block a certain
percentage of solar radiation.

A

volcanic eruption

30
Q

This theory states “that as the Earth travels through space around the Sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth-Sun geometry combine to produce
variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth.

A

Milankovitch theory

31
Q

three elements of Orbital Changes

A
  1. Eccentricity
  2. Obliquity
  3. Precessions
32
Q

It is a term used to describe the shape of

Earth’s orbit around the Sun.

A

Eccentricity

33
Q

It influences seasonal differences:

A

eccentricity

34
Q

when Earth is closest to the Sun,
it gets more solar radiation. If the perihelion occurs
during the winter, the winter is less severe. If a
hemisphere has its summer while relatively warm.

true or false?

A

true

35
Q

Itis the variation of the tilt of Earth’s axis away
from the orbital plane. As this tilt changes, the seasons
become more exaggerated.

A

Obliquity

36
Q 
"The more tilt means
more severe seasons—
warmer summers and colder
winters; less tilt means less
severe seasons—cooler
summers and milder winters."
A

obliquity

37
Q

It is the change in the orientation of Earth’s rotational axis.

A

Precessions

38
Q

Precession is caused by two factors:

A
  1. a wobble of Earth’s axis
  2. turning around of the elliptical orbit
    of Earth itself.
39
Q 
The change in the axis location
changes the dates of perihelion
(closest distance from Sun) and
aphelion (farthest distance from
Sun), and this increases the seasonal
the contrast in one hemisphere while
decreasing it in the other
hemisphere
A

Precessions

40
Q

(closest distance from Sun)

A

perihelion

41
Q

(farthest distance from

Sun)

A

aphelion

42
Q

It is added when
power and heat are produced by
burning coal, oil, and other fossils
fuels.

A

Carbon dioxide

43
Q 
It absorbs part of the
infrared radiation in the air and
returns it to the ground keeping
the air near the surface warmer
than it would be if the carbon
dioxide did not act like a blanket.
A

Carbon dioxide

44
Q

They affect climate by altering incoming solar radiation and outgoing infrared
(thermal) radiation that is part of Earth’s energy balance.

A

Greenhouse gases and aerosols

45
Q

Human activities result in emissions of four principal greenhouse gases:

A
  1. carbon dioxide (CO2)
  2. methane (CH4),
  3. nitrous oxide (N20)
  4. halocarbons
46
Q

a group of gases containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.

A

halocarbons

47
Q

it releases carbon dioxide.

A

Deforestation

48
Q

emission due to agriculture, natural gas distribution, and landfills.

A

High methane

49
Q

emitted by human activities such as fertilizer use and fossil fuel burning.

A

High nitrous oxide

50
Q

Effects of Climate

Change on Human Society

A

o It directly affects the basic elements of people’s lives like water, food, health, use of land, and the
environment.
o With the average global temperature which is predicted to rise by 2 to 3°C within the next fifty years,
glaciers will continue to melt faster.
o Rising sea levels may result in more flooded areas each year with a warming of 3 or 4°C. There will be
serious risks and increasing pressures for coastal protection.
o Declining crop yields due to drought, especially in Africa, are likely to leave hundreds of millions without
the ability to produce or purchase sufficient food.
o Ocean edification, a direct result of rising carbon dioxide levels, will have major effects on marine
ecosystems, with possible adverse consequences on fish stocks.

o Climate change will increase worldwide deaths from malnutrition and heat
stress. Vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever could become
more widespread if effective control measures are not in place.
o Ecosystems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change, with one study
estimating that around 15-40% of species face, extinction with 2°C of
warming.

STS (4 decks)

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