Module 5

Question 1

Significance of proteins

Answer 1

Muscle Contraction
Enzymes
Some hormones
Connective tissue and muscle

Question 2

All enzymes are…

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

Hormones to know…

Answer 3

Insulin
Growth hormone
Glucagon
Epinephrin, norepinephrine- derived from a single amino acid

Question 4

How many different amino acids?

Answer 4

20 diffrent amino acids- 20^x for different combos

Question 5

Primary Structure

Answer 5

Amino acid sequence

Question 6

Secondary structure

Answer 6

Arrangement of amino acids in “space”

Question 7

Tertiary structure

Answer 7

The 3-D shape- caused by folding, coiling, sheeting, etc

Question 8

Quaternary structure

Answer 8

Protein subunits combined to form 1 protein

Question 9

How are amino acids classified?

Answer 9

Structure of the side chain

Question 10

Classifications of amino acids?

Answer 10

Acids
Bases
Thiols
Hydroxyls
Alkanes
Phenyls

Question 11

What is the simplest amino acid structure?

Answer 11

Glycine

Question 12

What are non-polar amino acids-?

Answer 12

Side chains that lack electrical charge- 4 have alkane side chains [Ala, Val, Leu, Ile]

Question 13

What are the names of non-polar amino acids?

Answer 13

Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Proline
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine
Methionine :)

Question 14

What are polar amino acids-? - Referring to Polar Neutral ones

Answer 14

They have polar side chains- BUT: at pH 7 they are neutral-!

Question 15

What are the names of polar amino acids when pH is neutral at 7-? They are also known as Polar Neutral

Answer 15

Serine
Threonine
Tyrosine
Cystine

Question 16

What are acidic amino acids-?

Answer 16

They have polar acid side chains- BUT are ionized [negatively charged] at pH 7-!

Question 17

What are names of acidic amino acids-?

Answer 17

Glutamic acid

Aspartic acid

Question 18

What are amino acids with amine side chains?

Answer 18

They have an amino group attached to the carboxyl-carbon [replacing the -OH on the carboxylic acid]

Question 19

What are the names of the amino acids with amine side chains?

Answer 19

Glutamine

Asparagine

Question 20

What are basic polar amino acids-? Referring to when they become + at a certain pH

Answer 20

Polar, yet positively charged when pH is 7

Question 21

What are the names of basic polar amino acids-?

Answer 21

Histidine
Lysine
Arginine

Question 22

What does the order or “sequence” of an amino acid determine-?

Answer 22

How amino acids will interact with each other- these interactions will influence how the long chains of amino acids bend and fold as the protein develops - the final 3-D shape is determined by the sequence of the amino acids

Question 23

What are some bioactive proteins?

Answer 23

Enzymes- only catalyze certain reactions and specific uses
Hormones
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Contraction proteins like myosin and actin

Question 24

What are essential and nonessential amino acids?

Answer 24

Essential: needed in the diet- also called indispensable

Nonessential: body can synthesize it- called dispensable

Question 25

How is the genetic code read and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

Answer 25

Messenger RNA is decoded by ribosome outside the nucleus to make a specific amino acid - when an entire nucleic acid message is translated, a protein is formed-!