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CPH > Module 5-6 > Flashcards

Module 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

disease that spreads easily from one host to another directly or indirectly like tuberculosis, flu, chickenpox, etc.

A

Communicable disease

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2
Q

Causal agent of cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio cholerae O139

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3
Q

cholera main mode of transmission

A

(oral-fecal) Drinking contaminated water - Eating food (fruits and vegetables) contaminated through: ¨ Water - Contaminated seafood - Indirect contamination (hands)

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4
Q

cholera incubation period

A

few hours to 5 days

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5
Q

cholera vaccine

A

Recently developed oral B subunit killed whole-cell (BS-WC) vaccine

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6
Q

diphtheria causal agent

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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7
Q

diphtheria Main modes of transmission

A

direct contact with a patient or carrier

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8
Q

diphtheria Incubation period

A

usually 2 to 5 days but may be longer

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9
Q

diphtheria Prevention

A

Immunization: 3 doses of 0.5 ml DTP intramuscularly in outer part of thigh, according to national schedule (normally at age 6, 10, 14 weeks – if immunization is started later, there must still be an interval of 4 weeks between doses). Immunization to be completed preferably before the age of 6 months (26 weeks).

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10
Q

what temperature must DTP vaccine be stored at

A

between 2°C and +8°C

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11
Q

what part of the DTP vaccine are damaged by freezing

A

diphtheria and tetanus components

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12
Q

what part of the DTP vaccine are damaged by heating

A

pertussis

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13
Q

Japanese Encephalitis causal agent

A

Japanese encephalitis virus, of the family Flavivirus

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14
Q

Japanese Encephalitis main mode of transmission

A

(vector) Bloodsucking Culex mosquitoes (mainly Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus and Cx. fuscocephala) transfer the virus to humans from infected animals, in most cases domestic pigs and wading birds. Human beings are not considered a reservoir for viral transmission. In most areas transmission starts in April or May and lasts until September or October. Where irrigation permits mosquito breeding throughout the year, transmission may occur even in the dry season

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15
Q

Japanese Encephalitis incubation period

A

1 to 2 weeks

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16
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B causal agent

A

Haemophilus influenzae type b is one of 6 types (a, b, c, d, e, f) Type b bacteria account for 95% of serious H. influenzae infections in children. H. influenzae strains live in the nose and throat of people and usually do not cause serious illness.

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17
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B main mode of transmission

A

(droplet spread) Hib bacteria may spread throughout the body and become life- threatening (mostly in children under 5 years) - Hib bacteria pass from child to child in droplets of saliva when an infected child coughs or sneezes, and also when children share things they have put in their mouths. Hib disease is most common in children under 5 years, and children between the ages of 4 and 12 months are at highest risk. By 4 to 5 years of age, children develop their own immunity; Hib disease rarely occurs after that age.

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18
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B immunization

A

Three doses of 0.5 ml at monthly intervals, starting at 6 weeks or later (6, 10, 14 weeks), together with DTP, OPV, HepB (intramuscular administration in thigh or arm, not in the buttocks).

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19
Q

all children must receive how many doses of Hib vaccine

A

3 doses in their first year, beginning after 6 weeks of age

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20
Q

Hepatitis A causal agent

A

Positive-strand RNA virus (Picornavirus)

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21
Q

Hepatitis A main mode of transmission

A

faecal-oral; in practice, the reservoir is exclusively human. The agent of hepatitis A occurs in faeces, at peak levels in the week preceding the onset of symptoms and diminishing rapidly after symptoms appear.

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22
Q

Hepatitis A vaccine

A

good Hepatitis A vaccine, Immunoglobulin (0.02 ml/kg body weight IM) is reserved for special urgent cases.

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23
Q

Hepatitis B causal agent

A

Hepadnavirus (Hepatitis B)

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24
Q

Hepatitis B main mode of transmission

A

Percutaneous or permucosal exposure to blood or other infectious body fluids. It is found in highest concentrations in blood and serous exudates; lower concentrations are found in other body secretions, including saliva, semen and vaginal fluid. HBV is stable on environmental surfaces for at least 7 days. Reservoir is man.

Major modes of HBV transmission: sexual contact with an infected person, perinatal transmission shared needles among injecting drug users, household contact and blood transfusions.

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25
Q

Hepatitis B vaccine/immunization

A

Postexposure immunization beginning at birth is highly effective in preventing neonatal infections in infants of HBVinfected mothers. Optimum efficacy is achieved when vaccine is administered within 24 hours (preferably 12 hours) after birth. A total of 3 doses must be given (second and third doses at 1 and 6 months.

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26
Q

Leprosy causal agent

A

Mycobacterium leprae.

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27
Q

Leprosy main mode of transmission

A

(direct contact) Humans are the only significant reservoirs. Transmission is direct contact. Can survive up to 7 days in dried nasal secretions.

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28
Q

Leprosy prevention/vaccine

A

BCG vaccination - Dapsone chemoprophylaxis is not recommended (limited effectiveness and danger of resistance)

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29
Q

malaria causal agent

A

Plasmodium (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale). P falciparum, the most prevalent species, is responsible for the majority of malaria deaths.

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30
Q

malaria main mode of transmission

A

(vector) blood of an infected person, parasites enter the female blood- sucking anopheline mosquito, develop in the gut and lodge in the salivary glands. When the infective mosquito takes a new blood meal, parasites are transmitted and carried by the blood to the liver where they multiply. This induces bouts of fever and severe anaemia.

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31
Q

malaria incubation period

A

1 to 4 weeks for P. malariae, 1 to 2 weeks for others M

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32
Q

malaria prevention/vaccine

A

Personal protection and vector control measures: Insecticide-treated bednets and other materials (ITMs) have proven highly efficacious in reducing morbidity and mortality in areas of high, moderate and low malaria transmission in Africa.

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33
Q

measles causal agent

A

Measles virus of the genus Morbillivirus, family Paramyxoviridae

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34
Q

measles main mode of transmission

A

airborne droplets, direct contact with nasal or throat secretions

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35
Q

measles prevention

A

Single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine after 9 months of age. Second dose may increase immunity levels to as high as 99%. Measles vaccine is effective and safe and it can be combined with other live vaccines. The main reason for the persistence of the disease burden is underutilization of the vaccine.

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36
Q

measles incubation period

A

(to onset of fever or rash): 7 to 18 days

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37
Q

meningococcal disease causal agent

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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38
Q

meningococcal disease main mode of transmission

A

aerosol or direct contact with the respiratory secretions of infected persons (including symptomless carriers)

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39
Q

meningococcal disease incubation period2 to 10 days.

A

2 to 10 days

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40
Q

meningococcal disease prevention

A

Chemoprophylaxis may be considered for close contacts (rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or other as advised by the health authorities – but not penicillin or chloramphenicol)

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41
Q

meningococcal disease vaccination

A

for close contacts (A, C, Y, or W135 serogroups) to prevent secondary spread. Polysaccharide vaccines are available against serogroups A, C, Y, W135

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42
Q

pertussis causal agent

A

Bordetella pertussis

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43
Q

pertussis main mode of transmission

A

airborne route. Humans are the only hosts

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44
Q

pertussis prevention

A

use of whole-cell vaccine against pertussis (wP) has been effective in preventing pertussis. The vaccine should be given in 3 doses at 4-week intervals starting at the age of about 6 weeks

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45
Q

pertussis incubation period

A

7 to 10 days and rarely more than 14 days

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46
Q

poliomyelitis causal agent

A

Poliovirus (Enterovirus) types 1, 2 or 3

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47
Q

poliomyelitis incubation period

A

7 to 14 days

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48
Q

poliomyelitis prevention immunization

A

Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). OPV is a live vaccine including live attenuated strains of all three virus types. OPV is the only vaccine of choice for poliomyelitis eradication because it achieves much better mucosal immunity than IPV.

Basic immunization at birth, 6, 10 and 14 weeks

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49
Q

poliomyelitis main mode of transmission

A

faecal-oral

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50
Q

rabies causal agent

A

The rabies virus, a Rhabdovirus of the genus Lyssavirus.

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51
Q

rabies main mode of transmission

A

Hosts are usually Canidae, including dogs (responsible for more than 99% of all human deaths from rabies), foxes, coyotes, wolves, and jackals; also cats, skunks, raccoons, mongooses, bats, and other biting animals. A bite or a scratch introduces virus-laden saliva from a rabid animal.

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52
Q

rabies incubation period

A

2 to 10 days but may be longer (up to 7 years)

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53
Q

rabies vaccine

A

potency at least 2.5 IU per dose according to one of the following schedules. - Intramuscular schedules: volume of 1 dose; 1 dose on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. All intramuscular injections to be given into deltoid region or into anterolateral area of the thigh muscle in small children. Never inject the vaccine in the gluteal region.

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54
Q

rubella causal agent

A

Rubella virus, of the genus Rubivirus of the family Togaviridae

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55
Q

rubella main mode of transmission

A

droplets in the air from the nose and pharynx of infected people, or by direct contact with nasal or pharyngeal secretions

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56
Q

rubella prevention

A

Monovalent rubella vaccine - Measles and rubella vaccine (MR) - Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR)

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57
Q

second highest prevalence for tropical diseases (following malaria) and is a leading cause of severe morbidity in large parts of Africa, Asia and the Americas

A

Schistosomiasis

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58
Q

Schistosomiasis causal agent

A

Fluke worms: - Schistosoma haematobium, agent of urinary schistosomiasis worldwide - Schistosoma mansoni, agent of intestinal schistosomiasis worldwide - Schistosoma japonicum, agent of intestinal schistosomiasis endemic in China, Indonesia, Philippines - Schistosoma mekongi, agent of intestinal schistosomiasis encountered in Cambodia and Laos

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59
Q

Schistosomiasis main mode of transmission

A

The eggs of schistosomes leave the human body in urine or faeces according to species, hatch in water and liberate larvae (miracidia) that penetrate into freshwater snail hosts (genus Biomphalaria for S. mansoni, Bulinus for S. haematobium and S. intercalatum, Oncomelania for S. japonicum, and Neotricula for S. mekongi). After several weeks, cercariae emerge from the snails and penetrate the human skin (during wading, swimming, washing). Human discharge of eggs may last in excess of 10 years.

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60
Q

Schistosomiasis interventions

A

Praziquantel is the drug of choice against all schistosome parasites. A single oral dose of 40 mg/kg is generally sufficient to give cure rates of between 80% and 90%.

61
Q

Schistosomiasis prevention

A

Creation of alternative, safe water sources to reduce infective water contact - Proper disposal of faeces and urine to prevent viable eggs from reaching bodies of water containing snail hosts - Treatment of snail-breeding sites with molluscicides.

62
Q

tetanus causal agent

A

Clostridium tetani

63
Q

tetanus main mode of transmission

A

Spore-carrying instruments (use of unsterile tools) - Dirty hands - Spore-carrying material covering the umbilicus (e.g. dung poultices)

64
Q

tetanus prevention

A

The most effective strategy is the immunization of pregnant women at risk.

65
Q

tuberculosis causal agent

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

66
Q

tuberculosis main mode of transmission

A

Airborne

67
Q

tuberculosis incubation period

A

Primary infection, may occur 2 to 10 weeks after. Bacilli may remain latent for many years or a lifetime and may produce late disease when the immune status of the patient deteriorates (through age or associated factors).

68
Q

tuberculosis prevention

A

BCG vaccination. Chemoprophylaxis of infected individuals with isoniazid for 6 months reduces the risk of disease by 80-90%. Alternative to isoniazid is to give rifampicin/pyrazinamide for 2 months. Environmental protection: air renewal (outside ventilation); sunlight and UV light kill the infectious agent

69
Q

typhoid fever causal agent

A

Typhoid fever: Salmonella typhi (new nomenclature: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi)

70
Q

typhoid fever main mode of transmission

A

(fecal-oral) Ingestion of food and water contaminated by faeces and urine of patients and carriers. Faecal carriers occur in about 2% of infected adults. Chronic carriers are most common among persons infected at an older age, especially women and often in patients with biliary tract abnormalities.

71
Q

typhoid fever prevention

A

Early isolation and typing of the causal agent in order to identify the source of the outbreak and facilitate control - Safe food-handling - Personal hygiene including hand-washing.

Antibiotherapy (chloramphenicol, ampicilline, ciprofloxacine or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol TMP- SMX) must be offered to all patients.

72
Q

mosquito-borne viral haemorrhagic fever that strikes over 200 000 people and causes over 30 000 deaths each year in tropical regions of Africa and South America; it is maintained by sylvatic transmission of virus involving forest-dwelling mosquitoes and monkeys. Transmission to humans may occur in forest transition zones.

A

yellow fever

73
Q

yellow fever causal agent

A

arthropod-borne Flavivirus

74
Q

yellow fever main mode of transmission

A

(vector) species of Aedes or Haemagogus mosquitoes. Humans and monkeys are the main species to be infected. The mosquito is thus the true reservoir of the virus, ensuring transmission from one year to the next.

75
Q

yellow fever incubation period

A

3 to 6 days

76
Q

yellow fever prevention

A

Vaccination: most important measure for preventing yellow fever. Current yellow fever vaccines have a shelf-life of up to 2 years at a temperature of –20°C or +4°C; Eliminating potential mosquito breeding sites

77
Q

:transmitted by ingestion of contaminated water

A

Waterborne diseases

78
Q

transmitted by the ingestion of contaminated food

A

Foodborne diseases

79
Q

transmitted through the air

A

Airborne diseases

80
Q

transmitted by vectors, such as mosquitoes and flies

A

Vector-borne diseases

81
Q

Three Levels of communicable disease prevention:

A

Public health measures
Personal hygiene
Vaccination programs

82
Q

Major cause of illness and death in poor
countries.

A

Communicable Diseases

83
Q

Describes the pattern by which an
infectious disease is transmitted from
person-to-person.

A continuous link of 6 components

A

Chain of Infection

84
Q

Infection that is constantly present in a given geographical area

A

Endemic

85
Q

Infection wherein the incidence is greater that what would be expected

A

Outbreak

86
Q

Occurence of disease at higher than expected levels in a particular region or area

A

Epidemic

87
Q

Infection that rapidly spreads in most parts of the world

A

Pandemic

88
Q

rice water stool

A

Diarrhea

89
Q

Hansen’s Disease

A

Leprosy

90
Q

Whooping cough

A

Pertussis

91
Q

lockjaw

A

Tetanus

92
Q

Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

93
Q

Anthrax

A

Direct contact with infected animal tissue or products (wool, hair)
Inhalation of spores
Ingestion of contaminated meat

94
Q

Woolsorter’s Disease

A

Pulmonary Anthrax

95
Q

Intestinal worms infecting humans that are
transmitted through contaminated soil

A

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH)

96
Q

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) causative agent

A

○ Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant Intestinal Worm)
○ Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
○ Hookworms (Necator americanus, Ancylostoma
duodenale)

97
Q

STH Mode of transmission

A

Ingestion of egg (from contaminated water or vegetations
on the soil)

98
Q

The key intervention for
the control and
prevention of STH
infections

A

WASHED Framework

99
Q

Second leading cause of permanent and long-
term disability

A

Lymphatic Filariasis

100
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis

A

○ Wuchereria bancrofti
○ Brugia malayi

101
Q

The fastest spreading vector-borne disease in the world endemic in 100
countries

A

Dengue

102
Q

Dengue Mode of transmission

A

○ Aedes aegypti
○ Aedes albopictus

103
Q

HIV/AIDS causative agent

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
○ HIV 1 (worldwide)
○ HIV 2 (West Africa)

104
Q

HIV/AIDS Mode of transmission

A

○ Sexual, Vertical, Bloodborne, Breastmilk
○ Needle-stick injury
○ Sharing of contaminated needles among IV drug users

105
Q

Pathology of HIV/AIDS

A

Stage 1 – Acute HIV infection
Stage 2 – Chronic HIV infection
Stage 3 - AIDS

106
Q

A disease caused by the novel coronavirus
first reported from Wuhan, China in
December 2019

A

COVID-19

107
Q

COVID-19 Causative Agent

A

SARS-CoV-2

108
Q

COVID Mode of transmission

A

○ Inhaling droplets in air when in close contact with
infected person
○ Exposure to small droplets through splashes like
cough or sneeze
○ Touching eyes, nose, or mouth with hands that
have virus on them

109
Q

● aka Chronic Disease
● Chronic condition that does not result from an infectious process
● A disease that has prolonged course, that does not resolve spontaneously,
and for which a complete cure is rarely achieved.

A

Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD)

110
Q

Characteristic of NCD

A

● Complex etiology
● Multiple risk factors
● Long latency period
● Non-contagious origin
● Prolonged course of illness
● Functional impairment or disability

111
Q

An aspect of personal behavior or
lifestyle, an environmental exposure,
or a hereditary characteristic that is
associated with an increase in the
occurrence of a particular disease,
injury, or other health condition

A

Risk Factors

112
Q

A behavioral risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the
probability of disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factor

113
Q

Physical inactivity, tobacco use, alcohol use, and unhealthy
diet

A

Prioritized Risk Factors (WHO)

114
Q

○ A risk that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention
○ Age, Sex, Race, and Family History

A

Non-modifiable Risk Factor

115
Q

Behaviors that can lead to metabolic/physiologic changes

A

Metabolic Risk Factor

116
Q

refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body’s normal functioning

A

Metabolic

117
Q

Raised Blood Pressure, Raised Total Cholesterol, Elevated
Glucose, Overweight and Obesity

A

Prioritized Risk Factors (WHO)

118
Q

TARGET: Entire population
EFFECTS: Prevent risk factors, lower
population risk

A

HEALTH PROMOTION

119
Q

TARGET: People with one or more risk
factors
EFFECTS: Prevent development of
disease at early age

A

PRIMARY INTERVENTION

120
Q

TARGET: People at early stage of
disease
EFFECTS: Prevent disease progression or
recurrence

A

SECONDARY
INTERVENTION

121
Q

TARGET: People with symptomatic or
advanced disease
EFFECTS: Reduce complication or
disability

A

TERTIARY INTERVENTION

122
Q

Four main NCDs

A

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Diabetes Mellitus
Cancer
Chronic Respiratory Diseases

123
Q

a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
#1 cause of death globally

A

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

124
Q

Disease of the blood
vessels supplying heart
muscles

A

Coronary Heart Disease
(CHD)

125
Q

Disease of the blood
vessels supplying the brain

A

Cerebrovascular Disease
(Stroke)

126
Q

Disease of the blood
vessels supplying arms
and legs

A

Peripheral Arterial
Disease

127
Q

Malformation of heart
structure existing at birth

A

Congenital Heart Disease

128
Q

Disorder of metabolism
Defect in insulin secretion, insulin action

A

Diabetes Mellitus

129
Q

4 types of Diabetes

A

● Type I
● Type II
● Gestational DM
● Pre-diabetes (Impaired Glucose Tolerance)

130
Q

Hyperglycemia as a result
of an individual’s
resistance to insulin with
an insulin secretory defect

A

DM Type II

131
Q

The most common type of
DM worldwide (>90% of
total diabetes cases)

A

DM Type II

132
Q

● Rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries,
and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other
organs - WHO (2012)
● Generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the
body.
● Autonomous growth of cells that often forms a solid mass (tumor) and
spreads to other areas of the body

A

Cancer

133
Q

○ Tumor that remains localized (does not invade
surrounding tissues)
○ Nomenclature: cell type + ‘’oma”

A

BENIGN

134
Q

○ Tumor that may invade and destroy adjacent cells
(metastasis)

A

MALIGNANT

135
Q

Cancer of female reproductive system

A

Cervical Cancer

136
Q

Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passage

A

Lung Cancer

137
Q

Leading cause of cancer death globally (1.37 million death in 2008)

A

Lung Cancer

138
Q

Cancer that forms in the tissues of the breast (ducts or lobules)

A

Breast Cancer

139
Q

2nd most common cancer among men

A

Prostate Cancer

140
Q

3rd most common type of cancer

A

Colorectal Cancer

141
Q

90% of deaths occur in low-income
countries

A

Chronic Respiratory Diseases

142
Q

term used for lung diseases that prevent
proper lung airflow

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

143
Q

Recurrent attacks of “breathlessness and wheezing.

A

Asthma

144
Q

procedure of killing most, but not all, infectious agents outside the body by direct exposure to chemicals

A

Disinfection

145
Q

involves destruction of all forms of micro-organisms by physical heat, irradiation, gas or chemical treatment.

A

Sterilisation

146
Q

procedure of destroying or removing small animal pests, particularly arthropods and rodents, present upon the person, the clothing, or in the environment of an individual, or on domestic animals.

A

Disinfestation

147
Q

Enhanced 4S Strategy

A

S-earch and Destroy

S-eek early consultation

S-elf protection measures

S-ay yes to fogging only during outbreaks

148
Q

provides for immunization against Hepatitis B in addition to the common vaccine-preventable diseases.

A

A. 10152 (Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011)

149
Q

Six WHO Objectives for Non-Communicable Diseases

A

Priority: Raise priority and integrate prevention and control into policies
Leadership: Establish and strengthen national policies and plans
Interventions: Focus on shared modifiable risk factors
Research: Promote research for NCD prevention and control
Partnerships: Promote partnerships for NCD prevention and control
Monitor and Evaluate: Monitor NCDs and determinants and evaluate progress

CPH (2 decks)

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