Lec Module 1-4 Flashcards
deals with preventing disease, prolonging life, education of community for personal hygiene, prevention and control of community infections, promotes physical health for sanitation of the environment.
PUBLIC HEALTH
group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary.
group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary.
medical intervention or approach which is concerned with the health of the whole population.
COMMUNITY HEALTH
focuses on healing patients
Public health
focuses on preventing diseases.
Medical care
is a network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people.
HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services
PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
The mission of the DOH
in partnership with the people to ensure equity, quality and access to health care: - by making services available - by arousing community awareness - by mobilizing resources - by promoting the means to better health.
TWO DIVISIONS OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM
Government/Public sector
Private sector
Mixed sector
can be national (DOH) or local (LGUs)
Government/Public sector
hospital, health insurance, manufacturer of medicines and vaccines, clinics and other related health services
Private sector
Phil. Heart Association, Phil. National Red Cross, Phil. Tuberculosis Society, etc.
Mixed sector
TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES
Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health services.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.
traditional health care (herbs & rituals)
dispensary of indigent patients of Manila
pre-Spanish and Spanish periods (before 1898)
creation of E. Aguinaldo government of Department of Public Works, Education & Hygiene
June 23, 1898
gen. order no. 15 established the Board of Health for the City of Manila
September 29, 1898
Act no. 157: Board of Health of Philippine Islands
Acts no, 307 & 308: provincial and municipal boards
July 1, 1901
Act no. 1407: establishment of Bureau of Health
October 26, 1905
Act no. 2156 (Fajardo Act): health fund for travel and salaries
1912
Act no. 2568: from BOH to Philippine Health Service “ semi-military system of public health administration”
1915
Act 2711 w/c included the Public Health Law of 1917
August 2, 1916
Act no. 4007: Reorganization Act of 1932
1932
Commonwealth act no. 430 created the Department of Public Health & Welfare, but was only completed through E.O. no. 317, Jan. 7, 1941
Dr. Jose Fabella became its first secretary
May 31, 1939
E.O. no. 94: post war reorganizaton of the Department of Health & Public Welfare
resulted in the split of Department of Public Welfare (w/c became Social Welfare Administration) and Philippine General Hospital to the Office of the President
another split between curative (Bureau of Hospitals) & preventive services (Bureau of Health)
Nursing Service Division was also established
October 4, 1947
conversion of Sanitary District to Rural Health Unit, carrying the ff. Services:
maternal & child health
environmental health
communicable disease control
vital statistics
medical care
health education
public health nursing
resulted in passage of Rural Health Act of 1954 (RA 1082)
January 1,1951
conceptualization of the Restructured Health Care Delivery System (primary, secondary & tertiary levels of care)
1970
P.D. 1937 renamed DOH to Ministry of Health during the Martial Law
Sec. Gatmaitan was the 1st minister of health
June 2, 1978
E.O. 851 reorganized Ministry of Health as an integrated health care delivery system through the creation of Integrated Provincial Health Office, combining the public health and hospital operations under the PHOs
December 2. 1982
E.O. no. 119: MOH was back in the name Department of Health by President Cory Aquino
April 13, 1987
RA 7160 known as the Local Government Code: all structures, personnel & budgetary allocations from the provincial health level down to the brgy were devolved to the LGU to facilitate health service delivery
From PROVINCIAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT (devolution/ devolved health sector)
October 10, 1991
E.O. 102 “Redirecting the Functions & Operations of the DOH” by Pres. Joseph Estrada
May 24, 1999
Development of the Health Sector Reform Agenda
1999-2004
development of a plan to rationalize the bureaucracy in an attempt to scale down including the DOH
2005 to present
The DOH is the leader, staunch advocate and model in promoting health for all in the Philippines
VISION
Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor and shall lead the quest for excellence in health.
MISSION
first contact between the community and different health workers such as doctors, nurses, midwives in a barangay health centers. Caters to patient with minor supervision. This also includes malaria eradication units, schistosomiasis control units operated by the DOH; puericulture centers,tuberculosis clinics and hospitals, clinics operated by the Philippine Medical Association, clinics operated by industrial firms for their employees; community hospitals and health centers operated by the Philippine Medicare Care Commission and other health facilities operated by voluntary religious and civic groups (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).
PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals which involves municipal, district, provincial, emergency and regional hospitals. Serves as referral center with basic training and can perform minor surgeries and some laboratory analysis. It contains all the elements in the primary level.
SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals with high level of specialty intervention. Services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively
TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
(asthma weed, Gatas-gatas, Boto-botones)
Anti-asthmatic
Cough, bronchitis
Anti-malarial
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Anthelmintic
Tawa tawa
(Currant Tree, Mao luang, Salamander tree, Queensland cherry)
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
For dysentery
Regulates blood pressure
Appetite suppressant
Gastroprotective
Immunobooster
Bignay
(Misai Kucing, Balbas pusa, Java tea, Kidney Tea)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antidiabetic
Antirheumatic
Anti-gout
Diuretic
Neuroprotective
Balbas Pusa
(Gotu kola, Indian Pennywort)
Antioxidant
Anticonvulsant
Gastroprotective
Improves digestion
Antihypertensive
Antihyperlgycemic
Good for the skin and hair
Antimicrobial
Takip Kuhol
(Lampuyana, Dafronaya, Tampunaya, Daponaya, Painted Nettle)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antimicrobial
Antihistaminic/Anti-allergy
Treatment for headache
Treatment for swelling
For sinusitis
Mayana
(Andrographis, King of Bitters)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic
Antipyretic
Immunobooster
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral
Sinta
(Wild Tea, Forest Tea, Philippine Tea, Fukien Tea, Carmona, Chaang Bundok)
Antidiarrheal
Antispasmodic
Anti-allergic
Antinociceptive
Anti-inflammatory
Antibacterial
Antioxidant
Analgesic
Tsaang Gubat
(Wild Marjoram)
Antioxidant
Improves digestive health
Improves cardiovascular health
Improves digestive health
Improves cardiovascular health
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
Antiparasitic
Philippine Oregano
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antiseptic/Antimicrobial
Antihyperglycemic
Diuretic
Antipyretic
Improves metabolism
Anti-gout
Insect repellant
Tanglad
(Florida Cranberry, Red Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Karkade)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic
Anti-obesity
Boosts immunity
Supports cardiovascular health
Supports digestive system
Rosel
set of learning experiences aimed at helping individuals an communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge and/or influencing their attitudes.
Health Education
is concerned with measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards (such as chemicals, poisons, and radiation), including public health emergencies.
Health Protection
is concerned with societal interventions (e.g. in housing, education, employment, family/community life, andlifestyle) that are not primarily delivered through health services,aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and reducing inequalities.
Health improvement
Older people are biologically prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the physical and cognitive effects of aging.
Biology and Genetics
Availability of resources to meet daily needs such as educational and job opportunities
Exposure to crime, violence and social disorder
Socioeconomic conditions
Quality schools
Transportation
Residential segregation
Social Determinants
Worksites, schools and recreational settings
Housing, homes and neighborhoods
Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards
Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities
Physical Determinants
Climate change
Disaster preparedness
Housing
Education
Employment
Social exclusion
Environmental determinants
Environmental determinants
Diet
Physical activity
Alcohol, cigarette and other drug use
Handwashing
Lifestyle
Job Description
Determines normal and abnormal components of body fluids by conducting chemical analyses of blood, urine, spinal fluids and gastric juices.
Job Duties
Preparing cultures of tissue samples
Establishing and monitoring programs that ensure data accuracy
Microscopically examining slides of bodily fluids
Cross-matching blood for transfusions Chemically analyzing blood or urine for toxic components
Analyze blood cells by counting and identifying cells, using microscopic techniques
Role of the Laboratory in General
to inform physicians about which tests have the highest effectiveness in given clinical conditions. This partnership, covers the overall cost of testing and patient care is controlled and the quality of care is improved.
Health promotion requires policy makers to make health a central line of government policy. This means they must prioritize policies that prevent people from becoming ill and protect them from injuries.
Good governance for health
People need to acquire the knowledge and information to make healthy choices, for example about the food they eat and healthcare services that they need. Choose healthy behaviors, and make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.
Health literacy
Cities have a key role to play in promoting good health. Strong leadership and commitment at the municipal level is essential to healthy urban planning and to build up preventive measures in communities and primary health care facilities. Develop disease prevention programs/services which includes immunizations, screening tests to detect diseases at an early stage and behavioral counselling to reduce risk factors.
Healthy cities
it is the most effective way of informing, educating and promoting preventive healthcare. It should be disseminated regularly and consistently.
Create awareness
ability to understand the basic facts and significance of common diseases
Improve knowledge based on pertinent health issues
outbreaks are usually caused by an infection that can be transmitted through direct contact, airborne, respiratory droplets, animal-to-person contact among others. A profound manifestation of an outbreak without an equilibrium response by members of the community is the highest standard by which the level of incompetence of a health agency can be adjudged.
Respond to disease outbreaks
aspects of human health (including quality of life) that are determined by physical, social, chemical, biological and psychosocial factors in the environment.
Environmental health
Respiratory conditions, CVD, lung cancer
Outdoor air pollution
Gastrointestinal illnesses
Unsafe drinking water
Malaria, dengue, rickettsial diseases
Mosquitoes, ticks and other vectors
Too much: melanoma/non-melanoma skin cancer
Too little: Vit. D deficiency, osteoporosis, rickets
UV exposure cancer
Adults: stroke, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease
Children: asthma, lower respiratory infections
2nd hand smoke exposure
Infectious diseases, heat stroke
Climate change
Infectious diseases, lower respiratory infections
Household overcrowding
Poisoning, burns, dermatitis
Hazardous substances
Adults: increased blood pressure
Children: developmental delays, behavior problems
Lead exposure
Breathing difficulty, lung cancer, mesothelioma
Asbestos exposure
Hearing loss, cardiovascular problems, insomnia
Noise
include harmful substances,
such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology);
access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational
resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix,
street connectivity, transportation systems).
Physical Environmental Factors
include those related to safety,
violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality,
and stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital,
and the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment (Ahern and Galea,
2011).
Social Environmental Factors
the balance that exists among all the components of the body.
‘homeostasis’
it is lodgment and multiplication of microorganism in the body
Infection
ability of the microorganism to produce disease
Pathogenecity
exhibit pathogenecity to the host
Virulence
ability of the organisms to enter the host tissues, multiply and spread further
Invasiveness
ability of the organisms to produce toxins
Toxigenecity
sign and symptoms confined to one area
Local Infection
starts as local infection and spread to other parts of the body
Focal Infection
spread throughout the body by blood or lymph
Systemic Infection
acteria in the blood without active multiplication Septicemia - bacteria multiply in blood
Bacteremia
pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream Toxemia – presence of toxins in the blood
Pyemia
initial infection causing the illness
Primary Infection
opportunistic pathogen has weakened host immune system
Secondary Infection
clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable Illness in host before suddenly causing severe and acute infection
Latent Infection
caused by two or more organisms
Mixed Infection
infection that develops and progress slowly
Acute Infection
infections that develop slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms
Chronic Infection
hospital acquired infection
Nosocomial Infection
Types of Nosocomial Infection
UTI – 33%
Pneumonia – 15%
Surgical site infection – 15%
Bloodstream infections – 13%
Pre-disposing Factors:
Wide variety of microbes in hospital environment
Weakened or immunocompromised patient
Chain or transmission (direct or indirect)
From health workers to patient
From patient to patient
Fomites – catheters, needles, dressings, beds, wheelchairs
Airborne transmission
Vector-borne transmission
specific illness or disorder characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms; damages body’s organ system
Disease
spread from one host to another directly or indirectly (TB, herpes, flu, chickenpox
Communicable disease
spread easily from one person to another
Contagious disease
not spread from host to another
Non-communicable disease
occurs occasionally
Sporadic Disease
present in a particular location
Endemic Disease
many people acquire the disease in a particular location
Epidemic Disease
epidemic that affects the world
Pandemic Disease
subjective feelings
Symptoms
objective changes that can be measured (fever, redness)
Signs
group of signs and symptoms associated with a disease
Syndrome
time between the exposure to pathogen and the onset of symptoms of a dse.
Incubation period
first signs and symptoms of disease
Prodromal period
peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease
Clinical/Illness period
signs and symptoms begin to subside
Decline period
full recovery of the patient
Convalescent/Period of Recovery
poisonous substances produced by some organisms
Toxins
Diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism, cholera, staphylococcal food poisoning, Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin
Toxic Factors
Hyaluronidase, coagulase, leucocidin, streptokinase, hemolysin, lecithinase
Enzymatic Factors
capsule
Cellular structure
freedom from infection or prevention from contact with microbes
Asepsis
it is transfer of new infection from another host or external environment
Cross infection
is a process of infection that begins when an agent leave its reservoir through portal of exit and is conveyed by mode of transmission then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host
Chain of infection
Modes of transmission
Direct contact
Droplet spread
Ingestion
Arthropod-borne
Direct inoculation
Transplacental
occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.
Direct contact
refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.
Droplet spread
transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).
Indirect transmission
occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.
Airborne transmission
ay indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).
Vehicles
mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.
Vectors
occurs when a diseases-causing organism enters the body and starts to multiply when they come in contact with favorable environment.
infection
a process in which a favorable condition is reqired for microorganism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
Chain of Infection
Can be any of the following biological agents
Virus
Bacterium
Fungus
Parasitic worm
Infectious agent
The place where the infectious agents lives
This can be living (animal/human/plant) or non-living (air/water/utensils/food/equipment)
Reservoir
The route through which the infectious agents leaves the reservoir
Common mode of exit
Break in the skin
Nose
Mouth
Anus
Portal of exit
Direct transmission
Indirect Transmission
Droplet transmission
Airborne transmission
Vector Transmission
Mode of transmission
This is the route through which the infectious agents enter the body or new host
Mouth, nose, skin
Portal of entry
This is a person who is vulnerable to diseases due to a weak immune system
Susceptible host
separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.
Isolation
aims to separate and restrict the movement of people who have been exposed to a contagious disease to watch and see if they become sick
Quarantine
used to prevent the transmission of all highly communicable diseases that are spread by both, contact or airborne routes of transmission. Examples of such diseases are chickenpox and rabies.
Strict Isolation
used to prevent transmission of organisms by means of droplets that are sneezed or breathed into the environment. Examples of such diseases are influenza and tuberculosis.
Respiratory Isolation
used to prevent contact between potentially pathogenic microorganisms and uninfected persons who have seriously impaired resistance. Patients with certain diseases, such as leukemia, who are on certain therapeutic regimens are significantly more susceptible to infections.
Protective Isolation
used to control diseases that can be transmitted through direct or indirect oral contact with infected feces or contaminated articles. Transmission of infection depends on ingestion of the pathogen.
Enteric Precautions
used to prevent the spread of microorganisms found in infected wounds (including burns and open sores) and contact with wounds and heavily contaminated articles. Conditions requiring these precautions include infected burns, infected wounds, and infections with large amounts of purulent discharge. Diseases that may require wound and skin precautions include herpes, impetigo, and ringworm.
Wound and Skin Precautions.
used to prevent acquisition of infection by patients and personnel from contact with blood or items contaminated with blood. Examples of diseases that require blood precautions (refer to Lesson 1) are HBV and HIV/AIDS.
Blood Precautions
Secretion precautions-lesions
Secretion precautions-oral
Excretion precautions
Discharge Precautions
Categories of Quarantine
Complete or absolute quarantine
Modified quarantine
Enhanced community quarantine
General community quarantine
people or groups closely affected by or concerned with the problem and are interested in policy solutions for it.
Stakeholders
Stakeholders on your policy journey can include:
Those who are affected by the policy (directly or indirectly)
Those directly involved with or responsible for the policy
People whose jobs or lives might be affected by the policy or any part of the policy process
Community members and leaders
Neighborhood associations and networks
Those with strong influence in the community (e.g., media, clergy, doctors, CEOs)
State and local health departments
Interest groups (e.g., business, activists, academics)
Funders and other resource providers
Schools and educational groups
Funders and other resource providers
Evaluators
Legislators, government officials, and other policymakers
HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM? steps
- Identify the root cause of the problem by collecting information and then talking with stakeholders.
- Develop your problem statement.
problem statement should include:
Who is affected
How big the problem is
What contributes to the problem
When and where the problem is most likely to occur
