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CPH > Lec Module 1-4 > Flashcards

Lec Module 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

deals with preventing disease, prolonging life, education of community for personal hygiene, prevention and control of community infections, promotes physical health for sanitation of the environment.

A

PUBLIC HEALTH

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2
Q

group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary.

A

group of people with common characteristics or interests living together within territory or geographical boundary.

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3
Q

medical intervention or approach which is concerned with the health of the whole population.

A

COMMUNITY HEALTH

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4
Q

focuses on healing patients

A

Public health

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5
Q

focuses on preventing diseases.

A

Medical care

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6
Q

is a network of health facilities and personnel which carries out the task of rendering health care to the people.

A

HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

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7
Q

is a complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services

A

PHILIPPINE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

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8
Q

The mission of the DOH

A

in partnership with the people to ensure equity, quality and access to health care: - by making services available - by arousing community awareness - by mobilizing resources - by promoting the means to better health.

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9
Q

TWO DIVISIONS OF HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

A

Government/Public sector
Private sector
Mixed sector

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10
Q

can be national (DOH) or local (LGUs)

A

Government/Public sector

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11
Q

hospital, health insurance, manufacturer of medicines and vaccines, clinics and other related health services

A

Private sector

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12
Q

Phil. Heart Association, Phil. National Red Cross, Phil. Tuberculosis Society, etc.

A

Mixed sector

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13
Q

TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES

A

Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.
Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.
Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when otherwise unavailable.
Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility and quality of personal and population-based health services.
Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems.

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14
Q

traditional health care (herbs & rituals)
dispensary of indigent patients of Manila

A

pre-Spanish and Spanish periods (before 1898)

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15
Q

creation of E. Aguinaldo government of Department of Public Works, Education & Hygiene

A

June 23, 1898

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16
Q

gen. order no. 15 established the Board of Health for the City of Manila

A

September 29, 1898

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17
Q

Act no. 157: Board of Health of Philippine Islands
Acts no, 307 & 308: provincial and municipal boards

A

July 1, 1901

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18
Q

Act no. 1407: establishment of Bureau of Health

A

October 26, 1905

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19
Q

Act no. 2156 (Fajardo Act): health fund for travel and salaries

A

1912

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20
Q

Act no. 2568: from BOH to Philippine Health Service “ semi-military system of public health administration”

A

1915

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21
Q

Act 2711 w/c included the Public Health Law of 1917

A

August 2, 1916

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22
Q

Act no. 4007: Reorganization Act of 1932

A

1932

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23
Q

Commonwealth act no. 430 created the Department of Public Health & Welfare, but was only completed through E.O. no. 317, Jan. 7, 1941
Dr. Jose Fabella became its first secretary

A

May 31, 1939

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24
Q

E.O. no. 94: post war reorganizaton of the Department of Health & Public Welfare
resulted in the split of Department of Public Welfare (w/c became Social Welfare Administration) and Philippine General Hospital to the Office of the President
another split between curative (Bureau of Hospitals) & preventive services (Bureau of Health)
Nursing Service Division was also established

A

October 4, 1947

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25
Q

conversion of Sanitary District to Rural Health Unit, carrying the ff. Services:
maternal & child health
environmental health
communicable disease control
vital statistics
medical care
health education
public health nursing
resulted in passage of Rural Health Act of 1954 (RA 1082)

A

January 1,1951

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26
Q

conceptualization of the Restructured Health Care Delivery System (primary, secondary & tertiary levels of care)

A

1970

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27
Q

P.D. 1937 renamed DOH to Ministry of Health during the Martial Law
Sec. Gatmaitan was the 1st minister of health

A

June 2, 1978

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28
Q

E.O. 851 reorganized Ministry of Health as an integrated health care delivery system through the creation of Integrated Provincial Health Office, combining the public health and hospital operations under the PHOs

A

December 2. 1982

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29
Q

E.O. no. 119: MOH was back in the name Department of Health by President Cory Aquino

A

April 13, 1987

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30
Q

RA 7160 known as the Local Government Code: all structures, personnel & budgetary allocations from the provincial health level down to the brgy were devolved to the LGU to facilitate health service delivery
From PROVINCIAL TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT (devolution/ devolved health sector)

A

October 10, 1991

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31
Q

E.O. 102 “Redirecting the Functions & Operations of the DOH” by Pres. Joseph Estrada

A

May 24, 1999

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32
Q

Development of the Health Sector Reform Agenda

A

1999-2004

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33
Q

development of a plan to rationalize the bureaucracy in an attempt to scale down including the DOH

A

2005 to present

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34
Q

The DOH is the leader, staunch advocate and model in promoting health for all in the Philippines

A

VISION

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35
Q

Guarantee equitable, sustainable and quality health for all Filipinos, especially the poor and shall lead the quest for excellence in health.

A

MISSION

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36
Q

first contact between the community and different health workers such as doctors, nurses, midwives in a barangay health centers. Caters to patient with minor supervision. This also includes malaria eradication units, schistosomiasis control units operated by the DOH; puericulture centers,tuberculosis clinics and hospitals, clinics operated by the Philippine Medical Association, clinics operated by industrial firms for their employees; community hospitals and health centers operated by the Philippine Medicare Care Commission and other health facilities operated by voluntary religious and civic groups (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).

A

PRIMARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

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37
Q

are the smaller, non-departmentalized hospitals which involves municipal, district, provincial, emergency and regional hospitals. Serves as referral center with basic training and can perform minor surgeries and some laboratory analysis. It contains all the elements in the primary level.

A

SECONDARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

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38
Q

are the highly technological and sophisticated services offered by medical centers and large hospitals. These are the specialized national hospitals with high level of specialty intervention. Services rendered at this level are for clients afflicted with diseases which seriously threaten their health and which require highly technical and specialized knowledge, facilities and personnel to treat effectively

A

TERTIARY LEVEL OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES

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39
Q

(asthma weed, Gatas-gatas, Boto-botones)
Anti-asthmatic
Cough, bronchitis
Anti-malarial
Anti-inflammatory
Antioxidant
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Anthelmintic

A

Tawa tawa

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40
Q

(Currant Tree, Mao luang, Salamander tree, Queensland cherry)
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Antimicrobial
For dysentery
Regulates blood pressure
Appetite suppressant
Gastroprotective
Immunobooster

A

Bignay

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41
Q

(Misai Kucing, Balbas pusa, Java tea, Kidney Tea)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antidiabetic
Antirheumatic
Anti-gout
Diuretic
Neuroprotective

A

Balbas Pusa

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42
Q

(Gotu kola, Indian Pennywort)
Antioxidant
Anticonvulsant
Gastroprotective
Improves digestion
Antihypertensive
Antihyperlgycemic
Good for the skin and hair
Antimicrobial

A

Takip Kuhol

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43
Q

(Lampuyana, Dafronaya, Tampunaya, Daponaya, Painted Nettle)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antimicrobial
Antihistaminic/Anti-allergy
Treatment for headache
Treatment for swelling
For sinusitis

A

Mayana

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44
Q

(Andrographis, King of Bitters)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic
Antipyretic
Immunobooster
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral

A

Sinta

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45
Q

(Wild Tea, Forest Tea, Philippine Tea, Fukien Tea, Carmona, Chaang Bundok)
Antidiarrheal
Antispasmodic
Anti-allergic
Antinociceptive
Anti-inflammatory
Antibacterial
Antioxidant
Analgesic

A

Tsaang Gubat

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46
Q

(Wild Marjoram)
Antioxidant
Improves digestive health
Improves cardiovascular health
Improves digestive health
Improves cardiovascular health
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
Antiparasitic

A

Philippine Oregano

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47
Q

Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antiseptic/Antimicrobial
Antihyperglycemic
Diuretic
Antipyretic
Improves metabolism
Anti-gout
Insect repellant

A

Tanglad

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48
Q

(Florida Cranberry, Red Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Karkade)
Antioxidant
Anti-inflammatory
Antihypertensive
Antihyperglycemic/Anti-diabetic
Anti-obesity
Boosts immunity
Supports cardiovascular health
Supports digestive system

A

Rosel

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49
Q

set of learning experiences aimed at helping individuals an communities improve their health by increasing their knowledge and/or influencing their attitudes.

A

Health Education

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50
Q

is concerned with measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards (such as chemicals, poisons, and radiation), including public health emergencies.

A

Health Protection

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51
Q

is concerned with societal interventions (e.g. in housing, education, employment, family/community life, andlifestyle) that are not primarily delivered through health services,aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and reducing inequalities.

A

Health improvement

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52
Q

Older people are biologically prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the physical and cognitive effects of aging.

A

Biology and Genetics

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53
Q

Availability of resources to meet daily needs such as educational and job opportunities
Exposure to crime, violence and social disorder
Socioeconomic conditions
Quality schools
Transportation
Residential segregation

A

Social Determinants

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54
Q

Worksites, schools and recreational settings
Housing, homes and neighborhoods
Exposure to toxic substances and other physical hazards
Physical barriers, especially for people with disabilities

A

Physical Determinants

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55
Q

Climate change
Disaster preparedness
Housing
Education
Employment
Social exclusion
Environmental determinants

A

Environmental determinants

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56
Q

Diet
Physical activity
Alcohol, cigarette and other drug use
Handwashing

A

Lifestyle

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57
Q

Job Description

A

Determines normal and abnormal components of body fluids by conducting chemical analyses of blood, urine, spinal fluids and gastric juices.

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58
Q

Job Duties

A

Preparing cultures of tissue samples
Establishing and monitoring programs that ensure data accuracy
Microscopically examining slides of bodily fluids
Cross-matching blood for transfusions Chemically analyzing blood or urine for toxic components
Analyze blood cells by counting and identifying cells, using microscopic techniques

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59
Q

Role of the Laboratory in General

A

to inform physicians about which tests have the highest effectiveness in given clinical conditions. This partnership, covers the overall cost of testing and patient care is controlled and the quality of care is improved.

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60
Q

Health promotion requires policy makers to make health a central line of government policy. This means they must prioritize policies that prevent people from becoming ill and protect them from injuries.

A

Good governance for health

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61
Q

People need to acquire the knowledge and information to make healthy choices, for example about the food they eat and healthcare services that they need. Choose healthy behaviors, and make changes that reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.

A

Health literacy

62
Q

Cities have a key role to play in promoting good health. Strong leadership and commitment at the municipal level is essential to healthy urban planning and to build up preventive measures in communities and primary health care facilities. Develop disease prevention programs/services which includes immunizations, screening tests to detect diseases at an early stage and behavioral counselling to reduce risk factors.

A

Healthy cities

63
Q

it is the most effective way of informing, educating and promoting preventive healthcare. It should be disseminated regularly and consistently.

A

Create awareness

64
Q

ability to understand the basic facts and significance of common diseases

A

Improve knowledge based on pertinent health issues

65
Q

outbreaks are usually caused by an infection that can be transmitted through direct contact, airborne, respiratory droplets, animal-to-person contact among others. A profound manifestation of an outbreak without an equilibrium response by members of the community is the highest standard by which the level of incompetence of a health agency can be adjudged.

A

Respond to disease outbreaks

66
Q

aspects of human health (including quality of life) that are determined by physical, social, chemical, biological and psychosocial factors in the environment.

A

Environmental health

67
Q

Respiratory conditions, CVD, lung cancer

A

Outdoor air pollution

68
Q

Gastrointestinal illnesses

A

Unsafe drinking water

69
Q

Malaria, dengue, rickettsial diseases

A

Mosquitoes, ticks and other vectors

70
Q

Too much: melanoma/non-melanoma skin cancer
Too little: Vit. D deficiency, osteoporosis, rickets

A

UV exposure cancer

71
Q

Adults: stroke, lung cancer, ischemic heart disease
Children: asthma, lower respiratory infections

A

2nd hand smoke exposure

72
Q

Infectious diseases, heat stroke

A

Climate change

73
Q

Infectious diseases, lower respiratory infections

A

Household overcrowding

74
Q

Poisoning, burns, dermatitis

A

Hazardous substances

75
Q

Adults: increased blood pressure
Children: developmental delays, behavior problems

A

Lead exposure

76
Q

Breathing difficulty, lung cancer, mesothelioma

A

Asbestos exposure

77
Q

Hearing loss, cardiovascular problems, insomnia

A

Noise

78
Q

include harmful substances,
such as air pollution or proximity to toxic sites (the focus of classic environmental epidemiology);
access to various health-related resources (e.g., healthy or unhealthy foods, recreational
resources, medical care); and community design and the “built environment” (e.g., land use mix,
street connectivity, transportation systems).

A

Physical Environmental Factors

79
Q

include those related to safety,
violence, and social disorder in general, and more specific factors related to the type, quality,
and stability of social connections, including social participation, social cohesion, social capital,
and the collective efficacy of the neighborhood (or work) environment (Ahern and Galea,
2011).

A

Social Environmental Factors

80
Q

the balance that exists among all the components of the body.

A

‘homeostasis’

81
Q

it is lodgment and multiplication of microorganism in the body

A

Infection

82
Q

ability of the microorganism to produce disease

A

Pathogenecity

83
Q

exhibit pathogenecity to the host

A

Virulence

84
Q

ability of the organisms to enter the host tissues, multiply and spread further

A

Invasiveness

85
Q

ability of the organisms to produce toxins

A

Toxigenecity

86
Q

sign and symptoms confined to one area

A

Local Infection

87
Q

starts as local infection and spread to other parts of the body

A

Focal Infection

88
Q

spread throughout the body by blood or lymph

A

Systemic Infection

89
Q

acteria in the blood without active multiplication Septicemia - bacteria multiply in blood

A

Bacteremia

90
Q

pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream Toxemia – presence of toxins in the blood

A

Pyemia

91
Q

initial infection causing the illness

A

Primary Infection

92
Q

opportunistic pathogen has weakened host immune system

A

Secondary Infection

93
Q

clinically silent inside the body without any noticeable Illness in host before suddenly causing severe and acute infection

A

Latent Infection

94
Q

caused by two or more organisms

A

Mixed Infection

95
Q

infection that develops and progress slowly

A

Acute Infection

96
Q

infections that develop slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms

A

Chronic Infection

97
Q

hospital acquired infection

A

Nosocomial Infection

98
Q

Types of Nosocomial Infection

A

UTI – 33%
Pneumonia – 15%
Surgical site infection – 15%
Bloodstream infections – 13%

99
Q

Pre-disposing Factors:

A

Wide variety of microbes in hospital environment
Weakened or immunocompromised patient
Chain or transmission (direct or indirect)
From health workers to patient
From patient to patient
Fomites – catheters, needles, dressings, beds, wheelchairs
Airborne transmission
Vector-borne transmission

100
Q

specific illness or disorder characterized by recognizable set of signs and symptoms; damages body’s organ system

A

Disease

101
Q

spread from one host to another directly or indirectly (TB, herpes, flu, chickenpox

A

Communicable disease

102
Q

spread easily from one person to another

A

Contagious disease

103
Q

not spread from host to another

A

Non-communicable disease

104
Q

occurs occasionally

A

Sporadic Disease

105
Q

present in a particular location

A

Endemic Disease

106
Q

many people acquire the disease in a particular location

A

Epidemic Disease

107
Q

epidemic that affects the world

A

Pandemic Disease

108
Q

subjective feelings

A

Symptoms

109
Q

objective changes that can be measured (fever, redness)

A

Signs

110
Q

group of signs and symptoms associated with a disease

A

Syndrome

111
Q

time between the exposure to pathogen and the onset of symptoms of a dse.

A

Incubation period

112
Q

first signs and symptoms of disease

A

Prodromal period

113
Q

peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of infection or disease

A

Clinical/Illness period

114
Q

signs and symptoms begin to subside

A

Decline period

115
Q

full recovery of the patient

A

Convalescent/Period of Recovery

116
Q

poisonous substances produced by some organisms

A

Toxins

117
Q

Diphtheria, tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism, cholera, staphylococcal food poisoning, Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin

A

Toxic Factors

118
Q

Hyaluronidase, coagulase, leucocidin, streptokinase, hemolysin, lecithinase

A

Enzymatic Factors

119
Q

capsule

A

Cellular structure

120
Q

freedom from infection or prevention from contact with microbes

A

Asepsis

121
Q

it is transfer of new infection from another host or external environment

A

Cross infection

122
Q

is a process of infection that begins when an agent leave its reservoir through portal of exit and is conveyed by mode of transmission then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host

A

Chain of infection

123
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct contact
Droplet spread
Ingestion
Arthropod-borne
Direct inoculation
Transplacental

124
Q

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.

A

Direct contact

125
Q

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.

A

Droplet spread

126
Q

transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).

A

Indirect transmission

127
Q

occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

A

Airborne transmission

128
Q

ay indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).

A

Vehicles

129
Q

mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.

A

Vectors

130
Q

occurs when a diseases-causing organism enters the body and starts to multiply when they come in contact with favorable environment.

A

infection

131
Q

a process in which a favorable condition is reqired for microorganism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.

A

Chain of Infection

132
Q

Can be any of the following biological agents
Virus
Bacterium
Fungus
Parasitic worm

A

Infectious agent

133
Q

The place where the infectious agents lives
This can be living (animal/human/plant) or non-living (air/water/utensils/food/equipment)

A

Reservoir

134
Q

The route through which the infectious agents leaves the reservoir
Common mode of exit
Break in the skin
Nose
Mouth
Anus

A

Portal of exit

135
Q

Direct transmission
Indirect Transmission
Droplet transmission
Airborne transmission
Vector Transmission

A

Mode of transmission

136
Q

This is the route through which the infectious agents enter the body or new host
Mouth, nose, skin

A

Portal of entry

137
Q

This is a person who is vulnerable to diseases due to a weak immune system

A

Susceptible host

138
Q

separates sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick.

A

Isolation

139
Q

aims to separate and restrict the movement of people who have been exposed to a contagious disease to watch and see if they become sick

A

Quarantine

140
Q

used to prevent the transmission of all highly communicable diseases that are spread by both, contact or airborne routes of transmission. Examples of such diseases are chickenpox and rabies.

A

Strict Isolation

141
Q

used to prevent transmission of organisms by means of droplets that are sneezed or breathed into the environment. Examples of such diseases are influenza and tuberculosis.

A

Respiratory Isolation

142
Q

used to prevent contact between potentially pathogenic microorganisms and uninfected persons who have seriously impaired resistance. Patients with certain diseases, such as leukemia, who are on certain therapeutic regimens are significantly more susceptible to infections.

A

Protective Isolation

143
Q

used to control diseases that can be transmitted through direct or indirect oral contact with infected feces or contaminated articles. Transmission of infection depends on ingestion of the pathogen.

A

Enteric Precautions

144
Q

used to prevent the spread of microorganisms found in infected wounds (including burns and open sores) and contact with wounds and heavily contaminated articles. Conditions requiring these precautions include infected burns, infected wounds, and infections with large amounts of purulent discharge. Diseases that may require wound and skin precautions include herpes, impetigo, and ringworm.

A

Wound and Skin Precautions.

145
Q

used to prevent acquisition of infection by patients and personnel from contact with blood or items contaminated with blood. Examples of diseases that require blood precautions (refer to Lesson 1) are HBV and HIV/AIDS.

A

Blood Precautions

146
Q

Secretion precautions-lesions
Secretion precautions-oral
Excretion precautions

A

Discharge Precautions

147
Q

Categories of Quarantine

A

Complete or absolute quarantine
Modified quarantine
Enhanced community quarantine
General community quarantine

148
Q

people or groups closely affected by or concerned with the problem and are interested in policy solutions for it.

A

Stakeholders

149
Q

Stakeholders on your policy journey can include:

A

Those who are affected by the policy (directly or indirectly)
Those directly involved with or responsible for the policy
People whose jobs or lives might be affected by the policy or any part of the policy process
Community members and leaders
Neighborhood associations and networks
Those with strong influence in the community (e.g., media, clergy, doctors, CEOs)
State and local health departments
Interest groups (e.g., business, activists, academics)
Funders and other resource providers
Schools and educational groups
Funders and other resource providers
Evaluators
Legislators, government officials, and other policymakers

150
Q

HOW DO YOU IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM? steps

A
  1. Identify the root cause of the problem by collecting information and then talking with stakeholders.
  2. Develop your problem statement.
151
Q

problem statement should include:

A

Who is affected
How big the problem is
What contributes to the problem
When and where the problem is most likely to occur

152
Q
A

CPH (2 decks)

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