Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Motor Learning Test 2 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Generalized Motor Program

A

Theory that states movements can be varied along certain dimensions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Motor Programs

A

Pre-made set of movement commands that defines and shapes the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two parts of an open loop control system?

A

Executive

Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the open loop control system not have?

A

Feedback or comparator mechanisms to determine system errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Process of the open loop control system

A

Input
Executive
Effector
Output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How long is the open loop control system “over”?

A

Until the executive is activated again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the open loop control system not sensitive to?

A

Whether or not the output produced in the environment was effective in meeting the goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of open loop control system

A

Effective as long as things go as expected
Inflexible
In situations that do not have high demand in modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When are open loop control systems important?

A

In a predictable and stable environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does the feedback process dominate control?

A

In very slow movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When do open loop portions dominate control?

A

Very fast and brief movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of motor behavior is typical in most tasks?

A

Complex blend of open and closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Programmed Action

A

Appears to be organized in advance

Happens without much change from sensory feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Central Movement Organization

A

Movement details are determined by CNS and sent to muscles
Not controlled by peripheral processing
Does not involve feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reaction Time Evidence for Motor Programs

A

Processing not natural

More info = slower RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does RT determine?

A

Slowness of the stimulation of S.I. and R.S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens when more limbs are included?

A

Reaction time increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is RT sometimes longer?

A

More time is needed to organize the motor system before the initiation of an action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Startled Reactions

A

RT can be dramatically shortened under certain conditions

Movements are initiated much faster than can be accounted for by a voluntary response to a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does one hasten the release of a startle response?

A

Speeding up the executive’s processing
Bypassing the executive altogether
Both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deafferentation

A

Cutting an animal’s afferent nerve bundles where they enter the cord making the CNS unable to receive info from some portion of the periphery (no sensory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is not affected by deafferentation?

A

Motor pathways because they pass through the uncut ventral side of the cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Example of deafferentation

A

Monkeys with cut nerve bundles are still able to physically move around (climb, chase, jump, groom), but cannot successfully complete fine motor control tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if a movement is quick enough?

A

The motor program controls the entire action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does deafferentation support?

A

The idea that movements can be organized centrally in motor programs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why was the central pattern generator developed?

A

To explain certain features of locomotion in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is genetically defined central organization established?

A

Brainstem or spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the central pattern generator produce?

A

Commands to the musculature when initiated by a brief triggering stimulus from brain and they still occur if sensory nerves are cut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the central pattern generator involve?

A

More genetically-defined activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What do motor programs involve?

A

Learned activities that are centrally controlled

31
Q

Inhibiting Actions

A

Subjects are required to inhibit or stop a movement after having initiated the process of making the action

32
Q

Point-of-no-return

A

At what point after starting the processing stages that lead to a movement is one committed to making the action?

33
Q

What is a muscle response pattern of a normal movement?

A 
Triple burst (agonist, antagonist, agonist)
Typical of quick movements
34
Q

What is a muscle response pattern of a blocked movement?

A

Even though the limb doesn’t move at all, it displays a similar pattern of muscular organization to the normal movement
Agonist/antagonist onset occurring at same time as normal movement

35
Q

Movement activities are organized in ________ and run off __________ sensory information

A

Advance

Unmodified

36
Q

What are the major roles of open-loop organizations? (4)

A

To issue commands to musculature
Organize the many degrees of freedom into a single unit
Postural adjustments
Modulate the many reflex pathways

37
Q

What do commands to the musculature do?

A

Determines when, how forcefully, and how long muscles are to contract and which ones do

38
Q

Anticipatory Adjustments

A

Motor system compensates before the movement through “knowing” what postural modifications will soon be needed

39
Q

What is a major source of motor control?

A

Central organization of movements

40
Q

Reflex-Reversal Phenomenon

A

Alterations in the reflex
Reversing its effect from extension to flexion
Challenges our usual conceptualizations of a reflex

41
Q

Temporary Reflexes (definition)

A

They exist only in the context of performing a particular part of a particular action

42
Q

Temporary Reflexes (laymen’s terms)

A

Ensuring the goal is achieved even if a disturbance is encountered

43
Q

What is the critical goal for motor system?

A

Ensure that the intended action is generated

44
Q

Why does open-loop occur?

A

To allow the motor system to organize an entire action without having to rely on the slow info processing from the closed loop system

45
Q

Novelty Problem In Motor Program Theory

A

Failure to account for how novel movements are produced

System would need a separate program for every movement

46
Q

Storage Problem In Motor Program Theory

A

Lack of efficiency that would be required to store the large number of motor programs that are required to move
Concerns how all separate programs could be stored in memory

47
Q

Generalized Movement Programs

A

Consists of a stored pattern that is thought to be adjusted at the time of movement execution

48
Q

What does the GMP allow?

A

The action to be changed slightly to meet the current environment demands

49
Q

Invariant Features

A

What remains the same

Makes the pattern appear the same, time after time

50
Q

Example of Invariant Features

A

The reason our unique writing styles appear

51
Q

Surface Features

A

Things that change in a movement

52
Q

Parameters

A

Type of surface feature

Is what gets modified

53
Q

What do parameters determine?

A

How a movement is executed

54
Q

What happens when a parameter is changed?

A

Does not alter the invariant features of GMP, but rather how the GMP is expressed at any given time

55
Q

Parameterized

A

Initiated

56
Q

Process of movements being produced

A

Determined in sensory identification stage
Movement chosen in response selection
GMP retrieved from long term memory
Motor program is prepared for being parameterized

57
Q

When can the movement be initiated and carried out?

A

Once the parameters have been selected and assigned

58
Q

Invariance

A

Constance value

59
Q

What is the most important concern of a GMP?

A

Temporal structuring of the patterns (rhythm)

60
Q

Relative Timing

A

Change time, but process stays the same
Set of ratios of the durations of several intervals within the movement
Independent of its overall speed/amplitude

61
Q

Invariant features of a GMP (2)

A

Invariance

Relative timing

62
Q

Parameters added to GMP (3)

A

Movement time
Movement amplitude
Effectors

63
Q

Movement Time

A

When changed, the new movement preserves the important temporal-pattern features of the old movement

64
Q

Movement Amplitude

A

Easy to increase by uniformly increasing the accelerations applied, while preserving their temporal patterning

65
Q

Effectors

A

A given pattern can be produced even when different

Parameter that must be selected prior to action

66
Q

Example of effectors keeping a pattern

A

Writing on a chalkboard vs in a notebook will have the same style but the way it got there was different

67
Q

How does GMP provide a solution to the storage problem?

A

Only one program needs to be stored for each class of movement vs an infinite number

68
Q

How does GMP provide a solution to the novelty problem?

A

Suggests the use of a schema

Theoretical structure responsible for supplying parameters needed at time of movement execution

69
Q

Schema

A

Can be thought of as a mechanism responsible for selecting the parameters for the chosen GMP

70
Q

What gets preplanned? (5)

A 
Particular muscles
Order in which muscles are involved
Force of muscles
Relative timing
Duration of muscle contraction
71
Q

Rhythm

A

Feature of many daily activities

72
Q

When is relative timing invariant?

A

Actions are produced at different speeds or amplitudes

73
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

Controlled independently

Can be high or low

Motor Learning Test 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions