Chapters 10 & 11 Flashcards
Mass Practice
Provides relatively little rest between practice trials
Continuous practice with no rest at all
Distributed Practice
Calls for much more rest
How does practice influence discrete tasks?
There is no evidence that reducing the rest time through massed practice affects learning
How does practice influence continuous tasks?
If there are longer rest periods, it leads to more skilled performances during practice
What does distribution of practice have?
A performance and a learning effect
Longer rest intervals leads to what?
Performance remains large on a retention test
What should learners do during rest time?
Mentally practice and observe so they use time efficiently
Goal of Practice
Prepare a learner to perform to the highest b=possible level of skill when it counts
What do members (actions) of the same class have in common? (2)
Movements
Temporal organization
What can the same action do? (2)
Be carried out with different effectors
Differ in surface features on two different occasions
Schema Theory
Learner acquires a set of rules (schemas) that relate the surface features of throwing, for example, to the parameter values necessary to produce those actions
Constant-Practice
Practicing only a single member of a class of tasks
Variable-Practice
Practicing several members for the class of tasks
Compare/Contrast Constant and Variable Practice
They have the same amount of practice
They differ in the amount of practice variability they get
What do learners acquire when they practice?
Schemas
What does variable practice enhance?
Schema development
What do schemas allow for?
More effective novel-task performance in the future
What does variable practice enhance?
Generalizability
What does the schema theory suggest?
Variable practice is best suited for performance that applies novel movement parameters to just a single version of the GMP
Blocked Practice
All trials of a given task (for that day) are completed before moving on to the next task
When is blocked practice used?
When a skill is practiced over and over with minimal interruption
What does blocked practice allow for learners?
To concentrate on one particular task at a time, refine it, and correct it
Random Practice
The order of the task presentation is mixed across the practice period
What is another term for random practice?
Interleaved practice
How does a random practice work?
Learners rotate tasks so they never practice the same task on two consecutive attempts
What type of practice seems optimal for best learning?
Blocked
What is blocked practice more effective with?
Performance (shorter times)
What does performance not determine?
Learning
What do we need to do to determine learning?
Retention tests
What kind of practice was more effective according to retention tests?
Random
How does random practice work better than blocked practice (in regards to retention)?
It forces the learner to become more actively engaged in the learning process by preventing repetition of actions
What does random practice give the learner?
More meaningful and distinguishable memories of various tasks
What does random practice cause?
Learners to forget the short-term solutions to the movement problem after each task exchange
What happens if one forgets the short-term solution?
Forces the learner to generate the solution again on the task’s next trial
When will random practice not be effective?
If the trial tasks are too challenging
Hybrid Practice Schedules
Mix of blocked and random
It seems like the best, but it remains insensitive to individual differences
Contingency Schedule
The “difficulty” of the task and the decision to repeat the same task or switch to and easier/more difficult task depends on the performance success of the individual
What is feedback in human performance systems?
Info about the movement and movement outcomes, not just errors
It is the result of a movement
What are the two types of feedback classifications?
Inherent feedback
Augmented feedback
Another name for inherent feedback
Intrinsic feedback
Inherent Feedback
Info provided as a natural consequence of making an action that is inherent to performing the task
Able to perceive directly
Example of Inherent Feedback (4)
When swinging a tennis racket, you feel your hips, shoulders, and arms move
You see the racket move
You see, feel, and hear the ball contact the racket
Another example of Inherent Feedback
Sounds of smells made by a racer engine
Augmented Feedback
Info from the measured performance outcome that is fed back to the learner by some artificial means
Example of augmented feedback
An instructor’s voice
What kind of info does the instructor have control over?
When info is given, not given, written at different times, or in different forms
Knowledge of results
Usually verbal info about the success of an action with respect to the environmental goal
Example of how knowledge of results are sometimes redundant
Telling someone he missed a free throw is duplicating info the performer received anyway
Example of how knowledge of results are not redundant
Waiting to know the success of a performance (DWTS, gymnastics)
What happens when learners cannot detect their own performance errors through inherent feedback?
No learning occurs at all
Knowledge of Performance
Info about the movement pattern the learner has just made
What does the knowledge of performance tell the learner? (2)
Something about the movement or movement patterns
About the nature of the movement pattern that the learner actually produce
What does the knowledge of performance not tell the learner?
If the goal was met or not
Faded Feedback
Learner is given feedback at high relative frequencies in early practice, but the instructor gradually reduces the relative frequency of feedback as the skill develops
How does high relative frequency of feedback influence the learner?
Strongly toward the movement goal
Why does an instructor gradually reduce the relative frequency of feedback?
To prevent the learner from developing a dependency to feedback
Goal of faded feedback
Generate the capability for the learner to produce the action on their own (without feedback dependency)
How to accomplish permanent skill learning?
Feedback must be eventually removed
Bandwidth Feedback
The decision to provide a learner with feedback is based on a preset degree of acceptability of performance (accuracy and time/duration)
Example of bandwidth feedback
Instructing physician saying “good job” to a resident giving stitches correctly
If a learner’s time/accuracy/duration was not acceptable, what happens?
The physician might provide precise feedback about the nature of the errors made and what needs to be improved
What kind of feedback doesn’t give reassuring feedback if a learner does something right?
Bandwidth
Precise Feedback
Indicates the amount and direction of one’s error
When is precise feedback given?
If and when a performance falls outside the acceptable range of correctness
One issue with bandwidth feedback
Trying to decide what level of error tolerance is appropriate for the learner
What does bandwidth feedback produce?
Faded feedback frequency as a by-product
What does eliminating trial to trial corrections do?
Eliminating small trial to trial corrections has a stabilizing influence on performance
The learner is not encouraged to change the action every time
Summary Feedback
Feedback is withheld for a series of trials and after, the feedback is summarized for the learner
What does summary feedback avoid?
Detrimental effects of every trial feedback
Summary feedback is less effective than what kind of feedback? And in what situation?
Every trial feedback
Performance during practice
How does summary feedback work?
Prevents dependecy-prodocing effects of frequent feedback
Produce more stable movements
Encourages learners to analyze their inherent movement-produced feedback
What does preventing dependency-producing effects do?
Causes the learner to perform independently before receiving feedback and then be able to make corrections
Average Feedback
Learners wait for a series of trials before receiving feedback info about their scores
Only receive the avg score on those trials instead of trial by trial
What is average feedback more effective than?
Summary feedback
What does average feedback give the learner?
More reliable info about what to change/how much to change it
