module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
glycolipid
A
lipids with carohydrates attached. serve as markers for cellular recognition
2
Q
glycogen
A
a substance deposited inbodily tissues as a store or carbohydrates.
3
Q
glycoprotein
A
any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrates groups attached to the polypeptide chain.
4
Q
glycocalyx
A
is a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria
5
Q
in the plasma membrane______ forms lipid bilayer,_____, determines the fluid nature of the membrane, and _____mainly determines the function of the membrane
A
phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins
6
Q
how does the phospholipid bilayer maintain separation between inside and outside the cell.
A
the fatty acid portion of the pospholipid membrane does not easily allow water to move across
7
Q
the basic structure of the plasma membrane if formed by
A
bilayered phospholipid structure
8
Q
G protein complexes
A
will only associate with a receptor that has a chemical signal bound to it
9
Q
the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is
A
provide stability to the plasma membrane by limiting the movement of phospholipids
10
Q
which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane
A
regulation of cell division
11
Q
glycolipids
A
are carbohydrate-binding lipids
12
Q
which of the following is a function of the cell membrane
A
regulation of transportation in and out of the cell
13
Q
a coenzyme
A
- is another name for a cofactor
- is a non-protein, ionic substance that an anzyme requires to function
14
Q
a cofactor
A
is a non-protein molecule substance, like an ion or organic molecule that an enzyme requires to function
15
Q
what different types of proteins in the plasma membrane include?
A
- integral proteins
- peripheral proteins
- cadherins
16
Q
what are functions of the membrane proteins
A
- marker molecules
- receptor proteins
- enzymes
17
Q
what are cell membranes primarily made of?
A
protein and lipid
18
Q
what does traveling down its concentration gradient mean
A
it is moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration
19
Q
Mechanically gated channel…..
A
responds to membrane stretching or compression
20
Q
ligand gated channel..
A
responds to specififc signal molecules
21
Q
carrier protein…
A
facillitated diffusion
22
Q
what transports small pieces of matter and even whole cells across the plasma membrane
A
vesicles
23
Q
what are three types of transport proteins
A
channels, ATP-powered pumps, and carrier
24
Q
what influences diffusion rate
A
- concentration gradient
- viscosity
- temperature
- size of molecules
25
discharging material from membranous sacs at the cells surface is called
exocutosis
26
when a solute binds to a carrier protein, how does the protein respond?
it changes shape, it lets the solutein through the front door and releases it out the back door
27
what is a true statement concerning transportation through the plasma membrane?
lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the plasma membrane
28
phagocytosis use
pseudopodia
29
pinocytosis uses
invaginations
30
what is a true description of the cell membrane?
flexible
made of lipid and protein
contains cholesterol
31
what is true about tranportation of glucose into the cell
since the glucoseis converted to somethign else, the concentration gradient is maintained and glucose will continue to be transported by facilitated diffusin
32
if a ligand bound permanently to endocytotic receptor, what effect wold this have on further endocytosis for the cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis would be unaffected, because the receptors themselves are taken into the cell with their ligands attached
33
integral proteins include
- transport proteins
- carrier proteins
- receptor proteins
- enzymes
- attachment proteins
- marker proteins
34
if a cellular membrane cholesterol resides in the_______ and limits_____
phospholipid bilayer
| lateral movement
35
what type of pump does Na+ k+ adn ATPhase use?
primary active transport
36
If cholesterol were absent from the cell membrane, what would happen
changes in the temperautre would cause the plasma membrane to become either too fluid or too rigid to fulfill its normal functions
37
if exocytosis were inhibited, what process would be disrupted
the release of a variety of different materials from the cell through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane
38
galactose is a simple sugar that is insoluble to water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the molarity of the resulting solution
2 m
39
what does osmosis require to occure
- a membrane permeable to water, but no solutes
| - a concentration gradient of solutes
40
how do molecules and ions pass throught a plasma membrane
-facillitated diffusion
-active transport
osmosis
41
what does active transport do?
moves substances agains their concentration gradient
42
what is a characteristic of mediated tranport>
tonicity
43
which type of protein extend throught the fll width of the cell membrane
integral proteins
44
which transport proteins form a passageway for ions and may or many not be gated
channel proteins
45
acetylcholine binds this membrane proteinm which subsequesntly opens to allow sodium to ener teh cell. Acetylcholine exerts its effect on what type of transport protein
ligand-gated channel
46
the uptake of molecules dissolved in liquid in smaller vesicles through the plasma membrane is the definition for
pinocytosis
47
transportation of Ca2+ from thecytososl into the ER
- calcium movemnt involves the us of a pump
- calcium movement involves active transport
- calcium movement requires energy
- calcium movement occurs througha transmembrane proteine
48
how does tempature affect diffusion
cold temperature make the diffusion process slower
49
how does surface area affect diffusion
the higher the surface area the greater amount of diffusion
50
Compare a playground that is surrounded by a fence to a cell that is surrounded by a phospholipid membrane. The fence is impermeable with the exception of a slide that allows only a specific size of child to enter. The slide is always open to that specific size of child
channel protein is similar to this example
51
if phagocytosis were inhibited what processes would be disrupted
sending out pseudopods to surround and engulf nearby particles
52
if carbohydrates were absent from the cell membrane, what would happen
glycolipids would be absent form the cell, as they are composed of carbohydrates attached to lipids
53
if a drug were administered that blocked the production of ATP in cells. what would be inhibited
antiport proteins
| pinocytosis
54
cell membranes are described as selectively permeable because some materials easily pas through while others do not. what materials most easily pass through the membrane
hydrophobic
55
solute transportation across a membrane is divided into two general categories based on what?
whether the transportation requires energy or not
56
how does osmosis occur?
a membrane permeable to water, but not to solutes
| a concentration gradient of solutes
57
osmosis is a special type of
passive transport
58
osmotic pressure is defined as
the pressure that is just sufficient to prevent a net movement of water across the membrane
59
placing celery sticks in fresh water will make them more turgid and harder. why?
freshwater is hypotonic to the celery.
60
in primary active transport, how do ions move against their concentration gradients
by using proteins that require ATP to Function
61
Galactose is a simple sugar which is insoluble in water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water, what would be the osmolarity of the solution
2 m
62
galactose is a simple sugar which is insoluble in water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the molarity of the resulting solution?
2 m
63
A patient is slightly hypoglycemic and nurse ready beenasked to prepare a glucose solution for an IV. she administer an IV solution that is 5% dextrose. what kind of solution is this relative to the body cell
hypotonic
64
sodium acetate is communly used food preservation with the formula NaC2H302. This compound is soluble in waterm dissolving to form two ions. if 2 moles of sodium acetate were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the osmolarity fo the resulting solution
4 m
65
what solution is hypotonic to red blood cells
.09%
66
mannitol is a type of carbohydrate that does not easily cross a cell membrane. Also mannitiol has a molecular wight very near that of glucose. A doctor is thinking of giving a trauma patient with brain swelling an IV containing mannitiol. What percent of mannitol could the IV contain to reduce brain swelling
10% mannitiol
67
A solution with greater concentration of solute particles when compared to a more dilute solution has a _______ osmotic pressure and is______
greater
| hyperosmotic
68
if you drank pure water the entire race what would eventually happen
water could flow into cells causing themto bulge and possibly rupture
69
hyposomotic solution is used to check sperm membrane function. If the sperm cells are alive what would the expected outcome be
the cells would swell
70
a cell is placed into a beaker containing sodium chloride dissolved in water. Water rushes out of the cell and it shrivels up. which of the following terms best describes the solution inside the beaker compared to the interior of the cell
hypertonic
71
solution A is a 300 mosm solution that does not cause cells to burst or shrink. Solution B is a 300 mosm soultion that cause cellsto swell.
Solution b is isosmotic by hypotonic
72
what would happen to red blood cells if pure water were administered in an IV
water would rush out of the blood and nto red blood cells causing the red blood cells swell
73
you are working in a medical lab analyzing blood samples. You decide to rinse a sample of red blood cells in distilled water. After the rinse, you look at the red blood cells under a microscope,. which of the following are you most likely to see
many of the cells have lysed because the cells were hypertonic to the water
74
what would happen to the osmolarity and tonicity of the blood compared to red blood cells if pure water were administered in an IV i place of saline fluid
the osmolarity of the blood would decrease and the blood would become hypotonic compared to red blood cells
75
if there are more solutes than there are available carrier proteins, we describe the proteins as being
saturated- there are too many solutes and not enough proteins
76
what is true regaring graded potentials
they cannot be propageted for a very long distance
- the magnitude of the response is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
- they can summate, or add upon each other
- they always precede an action potential
77
resting membrane potential is achieved when diffusion of____out of the cell is in equilibrium to its attraction toward proteins found inside the cell
k+
78
if at resting membrane potential (RMP), the plasma membrane became more permeable to k+ the cell would
hyperplarize
79
the outside of a cell during resting membrane potential is_______in relation to the inside of the cell
positively charged
80
as the stimulus strength and size of the graded potential_____the action potential frequency_____
increases
| increases
81
the sodium potassium pump
pumps two sodium ions inside the cell and three potassium ions outside
82
During the hyperpolarization phase
k+ leaves the cell
83
which statement is true
- ATP is required to move Na+ extrecellularly
- Ca+ binding specific ion channels stops the the intracellualr diffusion of Na+
- Na+ relies on a specific type of ion channel for diffusion
84
which ion has greatest influence on resting membrane potential
K+
85
channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge of voltage across the plasma membrane are called
voltage-gated ion channels
86
if you increased the concentration of extracellular Na+ of a membrane at resting membrane potential what would happen
hardly any change in the membrane potential
87
if a plasma membrane becomes more permeable to k+ the charge difference across the plasma membrane will_____, or aka_______
increase
| hyperpolarize
88
if the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to k+ what effect will it have on the resting membrane potential
because the membrane is more permeable to k+ more k+ will diffuse out of the cell. the inside of the cell becomes more negative resulting in hyper-polarization
89
if the extra cellular fluid around a muscle cell is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains less k+ than the normal extr cellualr fluid the result will be
a hyperpolarized membrane
90
if extracellular concentration of k+ increases what will the effect be on the resting membrane potential
the increase in extracellular k+ concentration will decrease the normal k+ gradient; because fo this k+ has less of a tendency to diffuse out of the cell. The resting membrane potential becomes less negative
91
which of the following would cause the resting membrane potential of a neuron to move from: -85v to -50v
increased permeability to na+
92
If a cell membrane became more permeable to Na+ what would happen to the resting membrane potential
na+ diffuses into the cell causing depolarization
93
this allows the action potential to propagate in an one-way direction
absolute refractory period
94
during repolarization
k+ ions are diffusing extracellularly
95
depolarization occurs when there is a rapid inflow of
cations
96
opening of sodium gates typically leads to
depolarization of the plasma membrane
97
repolarization results
from the increase in potassium moving out of the cell
98
during the absolute refractory period another stimulus cannot cause another action potential because
the voltave gated sodim inactivation gate is closed
99
after and action potential, a second action potential cannot occur until_______
most of the sodium activation gates are shut
100
the very brief moment following an action potential when a cell remains unresponsive to further stimulation is called the
refractory period
101
definition of osmotic pressure
the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent if from passing into a given solution by osmosis often used to express the concentration of the solution
