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bio 264 module 4-5 > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

glycolipid

A

lipids with carohydrates attached. serve as markers for cellular recognition

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2
Q

glycogen

A

a substance deposited inbodily tissues as a store or carbohydrates.

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3
Q

glycoprotein

A

any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrates groups attached to the polypeptide chain.

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4
Q

glycocalyx

A

is a glycoprotein-polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria

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5
Q

in the plasma membrane______ forms lipid bilayer,_____, determines the fluid nature of the membrane, and _____mainly determines the function of the membrane

A

phospholipids
cholesterol
proteins

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6
Q

how does the phospholipid bilayer maintain separation between inside and outside the cell.

A

the fatty acid portion of the pospholipid membrane does not easily allow water to move across

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7
Q

the basic structure of the plasma membrane if formed by

A

bilayered phospholipid structure

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8
Q

G protein complexes

A

will only associate with a receptor that has a chemical signal bound to it

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9
Q

the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is

A

provide stability to the plasma membrane by limiting the movement of phospholipids

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10
Q

which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane

A

regulation of cell division

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11
Q

glycolipids

A

are carbohydrate-binding lipids

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12
Q

which of the following is a function of the cell membrane

A

regulation of transportation in and out of the cell

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13
Q

a coenzyme

A
  • is another name for a cofactor

- is a non-protein, ionic substance that an anzyme requires to function

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14
Q

a cofactor

A

is a non-protein molecule substance, like an ion or organic molecule that an enzyme requires to function

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15
Q

what different types of proteins in the plasma membrane include?

A
  • integral proteins
  • peripheral proteins
  • cadherins
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16
Q

what are functions of the membrane proteins

A
  • marker molecules
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymes
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17
Q

what are cell membranes primarily made of?

A

protein and lipid

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18
Q

what does traveling down its concentration gradient mean

A

it is moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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19
Q

Mechanically gated channel…..

A

responds to membrane stretching or compression

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20
Q

ligand gated channel..

A

responds to specififc signal molecules

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21
Q

carrier protein…

A

facillitated diffusion

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22
Q

what transports small pieces of matter and even whole cells across the plasma membrane

A

vesicles

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23
Q

what are three types of transport proteins

A

channels, ATP-powered pumps, and carrier

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24
Q

what influences diffusion rate

A
  • concentration gradient
  • viscosity
  • temperature
  • size of molecules
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25
Q

discharging material from membranous sacs at the cells surface is called

A

exocutosis

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26
Q

when a solute binds to a carrier protein, how does the protein respond?

A

it changes shape, it lets the solutein through the front door and releases it out the back door

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27
Q

what is a true statement concerning transportation through the plasma membrane?

A

lipid soluble molecules diffuse directly through the plasma membrane

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28
Q

phagocytosis use

A

pseudopodia

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29
Q

pinocytosis uses

A

invaginations

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30
Q

what is a true description of the cell membrane?

A

flexible
made of lipid and protein
contains cholesterol

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31
Q

what is true about tranportation of glucose into the cell

A

since the glucoseis converted to somethign else, the concentration gradient is maintained and glucose will continue to be transported by facilitated diffusin

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32
Q

if a ligand bound permanently to endocytotic receptor, what effect wold this have on further endocytosis for the cell

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis would be unaffected, because the receptors themselves are taken into the cell with their ligands attached

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33
Q

integral proteins include

A
  • transport proteins
  • carrier proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymes
  • attachment proteins
  • marker proteins
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34
Q

if a cellular membrane cholesterol resides in the_______ and limits_____

A

phospholipid bilayer

lateral movement

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35
Q

what type of pump does Na+ k+ adn ATPhase use?

A

primary active transport

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36
Q

If cholesterol were absent from the cell membrane, what would happen

A

changes in the temperautre would cause the plasma membrane to become either too fluid or too rigid to fulfill its normal functions

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37
Q

if exocytosis were inhibited, what process would be disrupted

A

the release of a variety of different materials from the cell through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

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38
Q

galactose is a simple sugar that is insoluble to water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the molarity of the resulting solution

A

2 m

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39
Q

what does osmosis require to occure

A
  • a membrane permeable to water, but no solutes

- a concentration gradient of solutes

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40
Q

how do molecules and ions pass throught a plasma membrane

A

-facillitated diffusion
-active transport
osmosis

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41
Q

what does active transport do?

A

moves substances agains their concentration gradient

42
Q

what is a characteristic of mediated tranport>

A

tonicity

43
Q

which type of protein extend throught the fll width of the cell membrane

A

integral proteins

44
Q

which transport proteins form a passageway for ions and may or many not be gated

A

channel proteins

45
Q

acetylcholine binds this membrane proteinm which subsequesntly opens to allow sodium to ener teh cell. Acetylcholine exerts its effect on what type of transport protein

A

ligand-gated channel

46
Q

the uptake of molecules dissolved in liquid in smaller vesicles through the plasma membrane is the definition for

A

pinocytosis

47
Q

transportation of Ca2+ from thecytososl into the ER

A
  • calcium movemnt involves the us of a pump
  • calcium movement involves active transport
  • calcium movement requires energy
  • calcium movement occurs througha transmembrane proteine
48
Q

how does tempature affect diffusion

A

cold temperature make the diffusion process slower

49
Q

how does surface area affect diffusion

A

the higher the surface area the greater amount of diffusion

50
Q

Compare a playground that is surrounded by a fence to a cell that is surrounded by a phospholipid membrane. The fence is impermeable with the exception of a slide that allows only a specific size of child to enter. The slide is always open to that specific size of child

A

channel protein is similar to this example

51
Q

if phagocytosis were inhibited what processes would be disrupted

A

sending out pseudopods to surround and engulf nearby particles

52
Q

if carbohydrates were absent from the cell membrane, what would happen

A

glycolipids would be absent form the cell, as they are composed of carbohydrates attached to lipids

53
Q

if a drug were administered that blocked the production of ATP in cells. what would be inhibited

A

antiport proteins

pinocytosis

54
Q

cell membranes are described as selectively permeable because some materials easily pas through while others do not. what materials most easily pass through the membrane

A

hydrophobic

55
Q

solute transportation across a membrane is divided into two general categories based on what?

A

whether the transportation requires energy or not

56
Q

how does osmosis occur?

A

a membrane permeable to water, but not to solutes

a concentration gradient of solutes

57
Q

osmosis is a special type of

A

passive transport

58
Q

osmotic pressure is defined as

A

the pressure that is just sufficient to prevent a net movement of water across the membrane

59
Q

placing celery sticks in fresh water will make them more turgid and harder. why?

A

freshwater is hypotonic to the celery.

60
Q

in primary active transport, how do ions move against their concentration gradients

A

by using proteins that require ATP to Function

61
Q

Galactose is a simple sugar which is insoluble in water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water, what would be the osmolarity of the solution

A

2 m

62
Q

galactose is a simple sugar which is insoluble in water. If 2 moles of galactose were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the molarity of the resulting solution?

A

2 m

63
Q

A patient is slightly hypoglycemic and nurse ready beenasked to prepare a glucose solution for an IV. she administer an IV solution that is 5% dextrose. what kind of solution is this relative to the body cell

A

hypotonic

64
Q

sodium acetate is communly used food preservation with the formula NaC2H302. This compound is soluble in waterm dissolving to form two ions. if 2 moles of sodium acetate were dissolved in 1 liter of water what would be the osmolarity fo the resulting solution

A

4 m

65
Q

what solution is hypotonic to red blood cells

A

.09%

66
Q

mannitol is a type of carbohydrate that does not easily cross a cell membrane. Also mannitiol has a molecular wight very near that of glucose. A doctor is thinking of giving a trauma patient with brain swelling an IV containing mannitiol. What percent of mannitol could the IV contain to reduce brain swelling

A

10% mannitiol

67
Q

A solution with greater concentration of solute particles when compared to a more dilute solution has a _______ osmotic pressure and is______

A

greater

hyperosmotic

68
Q

if you drank pure water the entire race what would eventually happen

A

water could flow into cells causing themto bulge and possibly rupture

69
Q

hyposomotic solution is used to check sperm membrane function. If the sperm cells are alive what would the expected outcome be

A

the cells would swell

70
Q

a cell is placed into a beaker containing sodium chloride dissolved in water. Water rushes out of the cell and it shrivels up. which of the following terms best describes the solution inside the beaker compared to the interior of the cell

A

hypertonic

71
Q

solution A is a 300 mosm solution that does not cause cells to burst or shrink. Solution B is a 300 mosm soultion that cause cellsto swell.

A

Solution b is isosmotic by hypotonic

72
Q

what would happen to red blood cells if pure water were administered in an IV

A

water would rush out of the blood and nto red blood cells causing the red blood cells swell

73
Q

you are working in a medical lab analyzing blood samples. You decide to rinse a sample of red blood cells in distilled water. After the rinse, you look at the red blood cells under a microscope,. which of the following are you most likely to see

A

many of the cells have lysed because the cells were hypertonic to the water

74
Q

what would happen to the osmolarity and tonicity of the blood compared to red blood cells if pure water were administered in an IV i place of saline fluid

A

the osmolarity of the blood would decrease and the blood would become hypotonic compared to red blood cells

75
Q

if there are more solutes than there are available carrier proteins, we describe the proteins as being

A

saturated- there are too many solutes and not enough proteins

76
Q

what is true regaring graded potentials

A

they cannot be propageted for a very long distance

  • the magnitude of the response is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
  • they can summate, or add upon each other
  • they always precede an action potential
77
Q

resting membrane potential is achieved when diffusion of____out of the cell is in equilibrium to its attraction toward proteins found inside the cell

A

k+

78
Q

if at resting membrane potential (RMP), the plasma membrane became more permeable to k+ the cell would

A

hyperplarize

79
Q

the outside of a cell during resting membrane potential is_______in relation to the inside of the cell

A

positively charged

80
Q

as the stimulus strength and size of the graded potential_____the action potential frequency_____

A

increases

increases

81
Q

the sodium potassium pump

A

pumps two sodium ions inside the cell and three potassium ions outside

82
Q

During the hyperpolarization phase

A

k+ leaves the cell

83
Q

which statement is true

A
  • ATP is required to move Na+ extrecellularly
  • Ca+ binding specific ion channels stops the the intracellualr diffusion of Na+
  • Na+ relies on a specific type of ion channel for diffusion
84
Q

which ion has greatest influence on resting membrane potential

A

K+

85
Q

channels that open or close in response to changes in the electrical charge of voltage across the plasma membrane are called

A

voltage-gated ion channels

86
Q

if you increased the concentration of extracellular Na+ of a membrane at resting membrane potential what would happen

A

hardly any change in the membrane potential

87
Q

if a plasma membrane becomes more permeable to k+ the charge difference across the plasma membrane will_____, or aka_______

A

increase

hyperpolarize

88
Q

if the plasma membrane becomes more permeable to k+ what effect will it have on the resting membrane potential

A

because the membrane is more permeable to k+ more k+ will diffuse out of the cell. the inside of the cell becomes more negative resulting in hyper-polarization

89
Q

if the extra cellular fluid around a muscle cell is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains less k+ than the normal extr cellualr fluid the result will be

A

a hyperpolarized membrane

90
Q

if extracellular concentration of k+ increases what will the effect be on the resting membrane potential

A

the increase in extracellular k+ concentration will decrease the normal k+ gradient; because fo this k+ has less of a tendency to diffuse out of the cell. The resting membrane potential becomes less negative

91
Q

which of the following would cause the resting membrane potential of a neuron to move from: -85v to -50v

A

increased permeability to na+

92
Q

If a cell membrane became more permeable to Na+ what would happen to the resting membrane potential

A

na+ diffuses into the cell causing depolarization

93
Q

this allows the action potential to propagate in an one-way direction

A

absolute refractory period

94
Q

during repolarization

A

k+ ions are diffusing extracellularly

95
Q

depolarization occurs when there is a rapid inflow of

A

cations

96
Q

opening of sodium gates typically leads to

A

depolarization of the plasma membrane

97
Q

repolarization results

A

from the increase in potassium moving out of the cell

98
Q

during the absolute refractory period another stimulus cannot cause another action potential because

A

the voltave gated sodim inactivation gate is closed

99
Q

after and action potential, a second action potential cannot occur until_______

A

most of the sodium activation gates are shut

100
Q

the very brief moment following an action potential when a cell remains unresponsive to further stimulation is called the

A

refractory period

101
Q

definition of osmotic pressure

A

the pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent if from passing into a given solution by osmosis often used to express the concentration of the solution

bio 264 module 4-5 (2 decks)

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