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Ethics > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main classifications of human acts?

A

(1) In relation to the will and (2) In relation to reason.

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2
Q

Actions started, performed, and completed by the will, either by the will alone or through other faculties under its control.

A

Human Acts

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3
Q

What is the significance of human acts in relation to reason?

A

They refer to actions that are either in agreement or disagreement with reason.

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4
Q

What are the two kinds of human acts in relation to the will?

A

Elicited acts and commanded acts.

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5
Q

Acts that are started, performed, and completed by the will as the sole agent.

A

Elicited Acts

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6
Q

Acts that are begun in the will, performed by the will, but completed through another medium under the control of the will.

A

Commanded Acts

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7
Q

List the seven elements involved in the completion of elicited acts. (WICCCCF)

A

Wish, intention, counsel, consent, choice, command, and fruition.

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8
Q

The primordial desire, liking, or inclination of the will towards something conceived as good and known by the intellect.

A

Wish

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9
Q

The purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable.

A

Intention

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10
Q

The series of thoughts and judgments concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired good or end.

A

Counsel

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11
Q

A definite decision regarding what means should be used to achieve a desired good.

A

Consent

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12
Q

The active commitment of the agent to follow the means that the intellect has determined as the “right pick.”

A

Choice

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13
Q

The actual attainment of the desired good, leading to satisfaction from what has been willed.

A

Fruition

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14
Q

What are the three kinds of commanded acts?

A

Internal acts, external acts, and mixed acts.

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15
Q

Actions performed through internal mental powers under the command of the will, such as remembering or reasoning

A

internal acts.

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16
Q

Actions affected by bodily powers under the command of the will, like writing or walking.

A

External Acts

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17
Q

Actions that involve both bodily and mental powers, such as painting or studying.

A

Mixed Acts

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18
Q

What are the three kinds of human acts in relation to reason? (GEI)

A

Good acts, evil acts, and indifferent acts.

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19
Q

Actions performed in harmony with the dictates of right reason.

A

Good Acts

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20
Q

Actions that contradict the dictates of right reason.

A

Evil Acts

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21
Q

Actions that are neither good nor evil and bear no positive relation to the dictates of reason; they exist only in theory.

A

Indifferent Acts

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22
Q

Why do indifferent acts not exist in practice?

A

In concrete situations, actions are only either good or bad; indifferent acts are theoretical and do not apply to actual circumstances.

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23
Q

What is a key factor in determining whether actions are good or bad?

A

The context of the circumstances that affect the performance of an act.

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24
Q

An act that proceeds from an intrinsic principle with knowledge of the end.

A

Voluntary Act

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25
Q

What two conditions are required for a voluntary act?

A

Knowledge and freedom.

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26
Q

How many degrees of voluntariness are there?

A

Thirteen kinds or degrees.

27
Q

The act performed with complete knowledge and full consent of the agent.

A

Perfect Voluntariness

28
Q

Present when there is some defect in the agent’s knowledge, intention, or both.

A

Imperfect Voluntariness

29
Q

Present in a human act performed, regardless of the agent’s like or dislike.

A

Simple Voluntariness

30
Q

Present when the agent wishes to do something else but does it with repugnance or dislike.

A

Conditional Voluntariness

31
Q

Present here and now before the mind while performing an action.

A

Actual Voluntariness

32
Q

Voluntariness made at some former time that still influences the current act.

A

Virtual Voluntariness

33
Q

Intention in the unconscious mind from a former intention that has not been retracted.

A

Habitual Voluntariness.

34
Q

Results from interpreting the intention of someone not present or who cannot make a decision.

A

Interpretative Voluntariness

35
Q

When consent is manifested externally by words or signs, rather than tacitly.

A

Explicit Voluntariness

36
Q

What are the four conditions under which a human act resulting in both good and evil effects is morally permissible?

A

1) The action must be morally good or indifferent;
2) The good effect must precede the evil effect;
3) There must be a grave reason for the act;
4) The evil effect should not outweigh the good effect.

37
Q

What are the essential elements of human acts affected by modifiers?

A

Knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness.

38
Q

How do modifiers of human acts affect an agent’s responsibility?

A

Greater knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness lead to greater responsibility; lesser knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness lead to lesser responsibility.

39
Q

What are the five modifiers of human acts? (ICFVH)

A

Ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, and habit.

40
Q

The absence of knowledge in a person who is required to know what he does not know.

A

Ignorance

41
Q

How is ignorance different from innocence?

A

Innocence is the absence of knowledge in a person who is not required to know, while ignorance applies to someone who should know.

42
Q

the absence of knowledge in a person who is not required to know

A

Innocence

43
Q

The specific thing of which a person may be ignorant, such as law, fact, or penalty.

A

ignorance from the standpoint of the object

44
Q

A conquerable ignorance for which the person is culpable if they do not make efforts to dispel it.

A

Vincible Ignorance

45
Q

What are the three degrees of vincible ignorance?

A

Crass or supine, simple, and affected.

46
Q

Ignorance that results from a total lack of effort to dispel it.

A

Crass Vincible Ignorance

47
Q

Ignorance where a person wants to remain ignorant to plead innocence.

A

Affected Vincible Ignorance

48
Q

Ignorance that follows upon an act of the will, where the agent is aware of their ignorance.

A

Consequent Ignorance

49
Q

What are the four principles of ignorance’s relation to culpability?

A

a. Invincible ignorance makes an act involuntary.
b. Vincible ignorance does not destroy voluntariness.
c. Simple vincible ignorance lessens voluntariness.
d. Crass and affected vincible ignorance increase voluntariness.

50
Q

It refers to man’s sensory appetites, specifically emotions and feelings related to actions.

A

Concupiscence

51
Q

What are the two broad categories of passions?

A

Concupiscible and irascible passions.

52
Q

Name five concupiscible passions. (LDHJB)

A

Love, desire, joy, hope, and bravery.

53
Q

Name six irascible passions. (HHSDFA)

A

Hatred, horror, sorrow, despair, fear, and anger.

54
Q

When do concupiscence and passions become morally relevant?

A

When ordered by the rational will towards virtue or morally good actions.

55
Q

What is the difference between antecedent and consequent passions?

A

Antecedent passions arise without the will’s stimulation, while consequent passions are fostered by the will.

56
Q

Antecedent concupiscence lessens the voluntariness of an act.

A

first principle of concupiscence

57
Q

How does fear influence actions?

A

Fear can induce actions and can either accompany voluntary acts or compel actions against one’s will.

58
Q

What is the difference between acts done with fear and acts done from fear?

A

Acts done with fear are voluntary but unpleasant, while acts done from fear may be involuntary in certain instances.

59
Q

How does violence affect voluntariness?

A

Actions resulting from violence are involuntary since the agent does not will them.

60
Q

A constant and easy way of doing things acquired through the repetition of the same act.

A

Habit

61
Q

What distinguishes entitative habits from operative habits?

A

Entitative habits refer to qualities of being, while operative habits refer to tendencies developed from repeated acts.

62
Q

How do habits relate to voluntariness and responsibility?

A

Habits do not destroy voluntariness, and actions performed by habit are imputable unless the habit was acquired involuntarily and without knowledge.

63
Q

What happens if an evil habit is acquired voluntarily but the agent is actively trying to counteract it?

A

The acts that proceed from the habit are not imputed to the agent.

Ethics (6 decks)

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