MODULE 5 Flashcards
Refers to the differences in social behaviors that different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. “What is unacceptable and bad in a group of people may be good and acceptable in another group of people.”
Cultural Variation
Is a principle that an individual person’s bellieffs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture. It refers to not judging a culture to our own standards of what is right or wrong, strange or normal. Instead, we should try to understand cultural practices of other groups in its own cultural context.
Cultural Relativism
In contrast to cultural relaltivism, is judging another cultures solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture. According to William G. Sumner, ___________ is defined as the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with refernce to it.”
Ethnocentrism
Is an object remaning from a particular period. In archaeology, however, the word has become a term of particular nuance and is defined as: an object recovered by archaeological endeavor, which may be a cultural artifact having cultural interest.
Artifact/Artefact
What are the 4 Tool Traditions?
Oldowan tools, Acheulian tools, Mousterian tools, and Upper Paleolithic tools
Are part of the Lower Paleolithic stage of technological stage of technological development. They were amde by Homo habilis, and also by early Homo erectus.
Oldowan tools
What are the two main types of Oldowan tools?
Core tools & Flake tools
Were made by using a rock as a hammer to knock flakes off another stone, resulting in a chopping tool that could be held easily in the hand. The tool could also be used for hammering or digging.
Core tools
Were the flakes of rock that were removed in the process of making the core tools. These were used as knives. They were used, for example, to butcher animals, a evidenced by cut marks on animal bones found in association with the tools.
Flake tools
Homo erectus developed a more complex tool from what they inherited from Homo habilis. Using the same process of percussion flaking, Homo erectus created hand axes that were bifacial, shaped in both sides and with straighter and sharper edges. These stones were use in multiple activities such as light chopping of woods, digging up roots and bulbs, butchering animals, cracking nuts and small bones. Homo erectus made other tools such as choppers, cleavers, and hammers as well as flaskes used as knives and scrapers.
Acheulian tools
Was developed by Homo neaderthhalensis (Neanderthals) in Europe and West Asia. The tools from this industry combined Acheulian industry technique, which involved the use of premade core tool and extraction ofa flake tool that has sharpened edges. This type of tool is very efficientasall the sides of the flake tool are sharpened and are more handy.
Mousterian tools
By about 75 thousand years ago, some early modern humans began making tools that were significantly different from the earlier Mousterian tools. They have been categorized in several different tool traditions in the Upper Paleolithic stage of technological development.
Upper Paleolithic tools
The members of this society primarily survive by hunting, animals, fishing, and gathering plants. Most of them were nomadic, moving constantly in search of food and water.
Hunting and Gathering Societies
What are the 7 types of Society?
Hunting and Gathering Societies, Pastoral Societies, Horticultural Societies, Agricultural Societies, Feudal Societies, Industrial Societies, and Post-industrial Societies
Members of this society, which firstt emerged 12,000 years ago, pasture animalls for food and transportation. Domesticating animals allows for a more manageable food supply than do hunting and gathering.
Pastoral Societies
This society rely on cultivating fruits, vegetables, and plants. These societies first appeared in different parts of the planet about the same time as pastoral societies.
Horticultural Societies
This society uses technological advance to cultivate crops (especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley) over a large area. Sociologists use the phrase Agricultural Revolution to refer to the technological changes that occurred as long as 8,500 years ago that led to cultivating crops and raising farm animals.
Agricultural Societies
The 9th to 15th centuries, feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today’s farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord’s land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the owner of the land.
Feudal Societies
This society is based on using machines (particularly fuel-driven ones) to produce goods. Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the production of goods in mechanized factories began as the Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Societies
Sociologists note that with advent of the computer microchip, the world is witnessing a technological revolution. This revolution is creating this society based on information, knowledge, and the selling of services. That is, rather than being driven by the factory production of goods, society is being shaped by the human mind, aided byg computer technology.
Post-industrial Societies
Is a process of bringing order and significance into human social life. It has its roots in social interaction.
Social organization
Is consisting of two or more people who interact with one another and who recognize themselves as a distinct social unit.
Social group
Is a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time, but who otherwise do not necessarily have anything in common, and who may not interact with each other.
Social aggregate
Is a collection of people that have certain characteristics or traits in common, but thay tend not to interact with each other on a regular basis. For example, teenagers is it because they are all within a particular age range and share certain characteristics.
Social category
