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BIOL1040! > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Diffusion

A

cells constantly exchange oxygen and nutrients for carbon dioxide and waste
- diffusion becomes inefficient over long distances

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2
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

simple
easy to maintain
less energy and lower pressures

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3
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A

higher pressures
very demanding process
increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demands
can deliver more blood to areas where blood demand is higher

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4
Q

Types of closed circulatory systems

A

single circulation
double circulation

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5
Q

Single circulation system in fish

A

there is a single circuit of blood flow from the heart
simple to maintain
achieved through gill capillaries and body capillaries

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6
Q

Double circulation in amphibians and mammals

A

blood comes to the heart, leaves the heart, and then travels back to the heart
- more energy required
- oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart foe exchange of oxygen red blood that leaves the heart

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7
Q

Pulmocutaneous circuit in amphibians

A

blood travels to the lung and skin capillaries to become loaded with oxygen
the systemic circuit is the oxygenated blood that is delivered to the rest of the body

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8
Q

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit in mammals

A

oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart for exchange of oxygen red blood that leaves the heart

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9
Q

The human cardiovascular system

A

double circulation
- right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the posterior vena cava
- oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and left ventricle to the rest of the body

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10
Q

Semilunar valve

A

creates pressure within the ventricles to allow blood to flow with enough force

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11
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

found in the left ventricle
prevents the back flow of blood – closes once blood has passed

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12
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial and ventricular diastole – all 4 chambers are relaxed and filling up with blood; AV valves are open; seminar valves are closed
    ALL FOUR CHAMBERS ARE RELAXED
  2. Atrial systole and ventricular diastole – contract to empty blood into respective ventricles; AV valves remain open; seminar valves remain closed
    ATRIA CONTRACTS AND EMPTIES ALL BLOOD INTO THE VENTRICLES
  3. Ventricular systole; atrial diastole – seminar valves are open; AV valves are closed
    VENTRICLES CONTRACT AND PUSH BLOOD TO WHERE IT NEEDS TO GO
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13
Q

Systole and Diastole

A

systole - contraction/pumping
diastole - relaxation/filling

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14
Q

Cardiac output

A

Heart rate X Stroke volume
L/min

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15
Q

Muscle types

A

Skeletal - voluntary, striated
Cardiac - involuntary, striated
Smooth - non-striated

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16
Q

Maintaining the heart’s rhythm

A

some cardiac muscles are self-excitable
- they can contract without any signalling from the nervous system

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17
Q

Pacemaker cell

A

spontaneous action potential is induced by pacemaker potential
- action potential propagates to non-pacemaker cells
- gap junctions between all cells – pacemaker and non pacemaker cells – allows action potential to travel between all cells

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18
Q

Electric drive of the heart

A

impulses from the sinoatrial node travel to thee atrioventricular node
- here, the impulses are delayed
- the electric current then travels to the bundle of His and then to the Purkinje fibres
- this makes the ventricles contract

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19
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

known as the pacemaker region of the heart where the first group of pacemaker cells are found
- this master group of pacemaker cells control the rest of the pacemaker cells

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20
Q

Blood vessel structure

A

built of similar tissue
have three similar layers

20
Q

Physiological control of heart rhythm

A
  • parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems act together to regulate heart rate
  • hormones secreted into the blood also influence the rate of contraction
  • body temperature
21
Q

Arteries

A

pump oxygenated blood away from the heart to the capillaries to reach the organs
elastic
- allows them to stretch and withstand volume and pressure of blood

22
Q

Veins

A

carry blood back to the heart
- result of muscle action and valves
- endothelium layer
- smooth muscle layer
- outermost layer
thicker layer is important for blood pressure

23
Q

Layers in veins

A

endothelium layer: innermost layer produced by various substances that dictates the diameter of the blood vessel

smooth muscle layer: middle layer that contracts and relaxes to shorted or open vessel diameter

outermost layer: connective tissue that produces proteins for maintaining support and structure

24
Q

Veins in skeletal muscle and valves

A

in thinner-walled veins – blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action and valves

25
Q

Veins - Oedema

A

brings the blood back to where it should be after a period of inactivity that has caused accumulation of fluid

26
Q

Capillaries exchange

A

critical exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid
- takes place across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries
- the difference between the blood pressure and osmotic pressure drives fluid out of capillaries at the arteriole end and into capillaries at the venue end

27
Q

Capillary function

A

capillaries regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds
- one mechanism: regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds for regional regulation of blood flow
- another mechanism: pre capillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venues

28
Q

Blood flow - physical laws

A

area
- cross-sectional area of capillaries is the highest

velocity
- the velocity of blood flow is lowest in the capillaries cross-sectional area as this is where the exchange needs to occur

pressure
- maintaining a certain amount of pressure is important for tissue to receive oxygenated blood
- systolic and diastolic pressure
- during diastole, the pressure is high in systole and low in the left ventricle; pressure is not as low in arteries during diastole

29
Q

Velocity of blood flow

A

the velocity of blood flow varies in the circulatory system
- it is slowest in the capillary beds as a result of high resistance and large total cross-sectional area

30
Q

Blood pressure

A

refers to the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel
- systolic pressure
- diastolic pressure

31
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole - contraction
- this is the highest pressure in the arteries

32
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries during diastole - relaxation
- lower than systolic pressure

33
Q

Measurement of blood pressure

A

Artery is chosen
Rubber cuff is placed around selected artery
Pressure is increased in cuff as it is inflated with air and eventually stops blood flow
Pressure in cuff is increased above 120 – changes flow of blood in artery
Turbulent flow: absolute chaos of flow of blood in artery to allow to hear sound of blood pressure
Laminar flow: flow of blood is smooth with minimal friction
Slowly release the pressure in the cuff – creates turbulent flow
Sound of systolic pressure is heard through stethoscope – allows for reading of blood pressure

34
Q

Cardiac output

A

the amount of blood that comes out of the left ventricle per minute
- blood pressure is partly determined by cardiac output

35
Q

Regulation of blood pressure

A

the more blood that comes out of the left ventricle per minute means more pressure exerted on the walls
- nervous and hormonal stimuli can affect the contraction of the smooth muscle in arterioles
- when the smooth muscle contracts - vasoconstriction - the arterioles narrow and upstream blood pressure increases
- when the smooth muscle relaxes - vasodilation - the diameter of the arterioles increases and blood pressure falls

this pressure allows for regional regulation of blood flow

36
Q

Fluid return by the lymphatic system

A

approximately 85% of fluid leaving the capillaries re-enters due to osmotic pressure
- the remaining fluid is returned to the blood via the lymphatic system
- the lymphatic system also plays an important role in the body’s defence mechanisms

37
Q

Blood composition

A

Plasma - 55% of whole blood
Buffy coat - 1%
- contains platelets and white blood cells
Red blood cells - 45% of whole blood
- packed cell volume - haematocrit

38
Q

Plasma composition

A

water
- solvent for carrying other substances
ions
- osmotic balance, pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability
plasma proteins
- osmotic balance, pH buffering, clotting, and defence
substances transported by blood
- nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases, and hormones

39
Q

Blood composition - cells

A

Erythrocytes - red blood cells
Platelets - blood clotting
Leukocytes - white blood cells

40
Q

Erythrocytes

A

red blood cells
transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide

41
Q

Platelets

A

blood clotting

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

white blood cells
- defende and immunity

43
Q

Regeneration of blood cells

A

the cellular elements of blood are constantly replaced
- erythrocytes have a lifespan of 3-4 months

44
Q

Erythrocyte production

A

erythrocytes with a reduced oxygen-carrying capacity are taken to the kidney and broken down
- erythropoietins are delivered to bone, where there is developing erythrocytes in the bone marrow
- these are produced and have an increased oxygen-carrying capacity

45
Q

Blood doping

A

the process of increasing the number of erythrocytes in the blood to enhance athletic performance
- increases the number of red blood cells by increasing the conversion of stem cells to erythrocytes

dangers
- infections
- increased viscosity - heart failure

46
Q

Blood clotting

A

when the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged, the clotting mechanism is triggered
clotting factors from:
- platelets
- damaged cells
- plasma

47
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

hypertension: promotes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack/stroke
- increase in blood pressure (120/80)

atherosclerosis: type of CD whereby there is a buildup of cholesterol within the arteries, causing them to be partly blocked by plaque that contains cholesterol and bad lipid deposits

heart attack: the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from the blockage of one or more coronary arteries

stroke: the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head

BIOL1040! (5 decks)

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