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BIOL1040! > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Nucleoid not enclosed within a membrane
Typically bacterial cells
Small in size

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Larger in size
Membrane enclosed nucleus
More complex organelles

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3
Q

Structural parts of prokaryotic cells

A

Flagella - locomotion
Pili - assists in attaching to other surfaces
Plasmid
Nucleoid - loop of genetic material that sits within the cytoplasm
Cell wall
Capsule
Ribosome - production of protein
Cell membrane
Thick cell membrane that helps generate endospores (antibiotics cannot go pass this membrane wall)
Cytoplasm - fluid substance that holds organelles within the cell

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4
Q

Structural parts of eukaryotic cells

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Peroxisome
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Golgi apparatus
Intermediate filaments
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Ribosome
Cytoplasm microtubule
Lysosome
Microfilament

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semipermeable
Ability to engulf something large in size - phagocytosis (large proteins) - creates membrane bound vesicles
Acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and the external environment
Contains various receptors
Enzymatic activities

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6
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulf large proteins and creates membrane bound vesicles

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7
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Molecule is small and able to easily pass through membrane
Liquids

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

Removal of large molecules from the cell

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Electron dense and electron lucid gap
Outer layer is hydrophilic - E surface
Inner substance is hydrophobic - P layer

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9
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Membrane proteins are highly mobile
Many proteins are glycoproteins
Proteins are amphipathic - both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
3 major types of proteins or substances in cell membrane - phospholipid, cholesterol, and glycolipids

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10
Q

Biochemical composition of cel membrane

A

Phospholipids
- Amphipathic
- Hydrophilic portions protect hydrophobic portions from water

Cholesterol
- Amphipathic
- Increases stability and prevents loss of membrane liquidity at low temperatures

Glycolipids
- Amphipathic
- Covalently bound to the side chains
- Allow for cell to cell interactions as well as cell to environment interactions
- Identify cells

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11
Q

Erythrocyte membrane proteins

A

Spectrin
Glycophorin
Band III

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12
Q

Band III

A

Ion transport and maintenance of protein-protein interactions

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13
Q

Membranous system

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Lipoprotein bilayers thinner than cell membranes
Two surfaces - cytoplasm and luminal

Specialised forms
Vesicular
Lamellar
Tubular
→ these three forms are freely convertible, suggesting a SER is a highly dynamic pleomorphic organelle

Function:
Involved in the metabolism of small molecules, cellular detoxification, lipid and steroid synthesis (helps detoxify what humans eat)
Causes glycogenolysis - enzymes located in SER of liver cells take part in the breakdown of glycogen
Fat synthesis - SER takes part in fat synthesis inside adipose cells
Steroid hormones - SER takes part in the synthesis of steroid hormones e.g., testosterone in the testis, and estrogens in the ovary

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Consists primarily of lamellar forms interconnected by short tubular segments
Membranes are studded with electron dense ribosomes
- The ribosomes are 11nm in diameter and consists of ribosomal RNA and specific ribosomal proteins
- Has ribosomes attached to it by the protein ribophorin

SER forms from RER through the loss of ribosomes
- Ribophorins - it possesses ribophorins for holding ribosomes over it

Protein processing - the luminal side of RER possesses enzymes for processing polypeptides synthesisd by attached ribosomes

Proteins for transport - proteins formed by ribosomes attached to RER enter its lumen for intracellular and extracellular transport

Enzymes for lysosomes - zymogens of lysosome enzymes are synthesised by RER

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16
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

STRUCTURE
Flattened discoid lamellae (sheets)
7.5nm thick membranes
Fenestrations and vesicles
Faces - forming and maturing

FUNCTIONS
Protein synthesis
Membrane synthesis

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17
Q

Mitochondria

A

Found in lots of cells or less based on needs - muscle cells, lower in the stomach lining, respiratory epithelium

Membrane ultrastructure
- Outer membrane and inner membrane

Two seperate metabolic pathways - tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain
- ATP from citric acid
- Steroids, FA oxidation and nucleic acid synthesis

Contains its own DNA
Mitochondrial DNA - mRna, rRna, and tRna synthesis
Enzymes for ETC

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18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Enzyme composition
Lysosomes are particulate organelles, formed by the golgi apparatus, which contain digestive enzymes
Breakes down large molecules

TYPES
Primary lysosome
Secondary lysosome

ULTRASTRUCTURE
Membrane 8nm
Contains cholesterol and sphingomyelin
Diameter 0.25-0.5um
Round

Granular contents
Leukocyte lysosomes have hydrolytic enzymes
pH is acidid

19
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidative functions
Amino Acid related enzymes - assists in phagocytosis
Helps with the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Important role in cell structure and motility
Mediates cytoplasmic organelle motion and control distribution within the cell depending on metabolic requirements
Comprised of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

21
Q

Microtubules

A

Help maintain cell share and have a dynamic role in chromosome movement during mitosis
Important component of cilia and flagella

22
Q

Microfilaments

A

Abundant in many cells and have important contractile functions in cell motility

23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Integration of contractile units in muscle
Cytoskeletal integration in non-muscle tissue

24
Q

Protein synthesis

A

RNA with 3’ end and 5’ end
- Ribosomes attach to the RNA strand
- As the ribosomes attach, they have a molecule that will come and attach to the ribosomes
- The molecule will make the ribosomes inert or inactive
- As the RNA/ribosome strand comes closer to the endoplasmic reticulum, the molecule attaches to a membrane protein
- The ribosome squirts out a codon into the molecule
- This codon determines what type of protein is needed - signal peptidase
- The ER now has a copy of what is required to manufacture the specific protein
- Once the protein is manufactured from the assembly line, the ribosomes keep moving until they detach into 50S and 60S subunits of the ribosomes
- The ribosomes are recycled an attach back to the ER

25
Q

Secretory pathway of Golgi apparatus

A

Secreted proteins enter the ER as they are being synthesised by ribosomes
Protein exists the ER in a vesicle
The protein travels through the cisternae of the golgi apparatus
Protein enters a secretory vesicle that fuses with cell membrane
The protein is secreted from the cell - EXOCYTOSI

26
Q

Nucleus Structure

A

Nucleus is separated from cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores allow large molecules to pass across
Nuclear membrane is continuous with membrane of RER

27
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains DNA and entire human karyotype

28
Q

Chromatin

A

Fibrous material within the nucleoplasmic matrix

29
Q

Nuclear matrix proteins

A

Control DNA replication, transcription, post-translational RNA metabolism and RNA transport

30
Q

Nucleolus

A

Dense mass in centre of nucleus which holds chromatin

31
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of chromosomes equally between daughter cells
Maintains a number of diploid chromosomes and increases the number of cells

32
Q

Meiosis

A

The form of eukaryotic cell division that produces haploid sex cells or gametes

33
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase
- G1 phase
- S phase
- G2 phase
Mitosis

34
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Consists of fibrous proteins embedded in amorphous ground substance
- Mainly collagen fibres - stringy fibre

Connective tissues consist of cells, fibres, and extracellular matrix
- Covers brain, lungs, and provide attachment sites for muscles

35
Q

Reticular fibres

A

Reticulin protein that is the core structure of the reticular fibres

36
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Protein backbone

37
Q

Basement membranes

A

FUNCTIONS
- Attachment of epithelial cells
- Barrier preventing microorganisms from entering the organism in a domain
- Loss of cell fluids from the body
- Selective filtration

CONSTITUENTS
Laminin
Type IV collagen
Heparan sulphate
Fibronectin

38
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of lipid solute substances down the concentration gradient
- requires large cell surface area

39
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Occurs through either gated channels or carrier proteins in the membrane

40
Q

Active transport

A

Actively pushing against the concentration gradient
- requires ATO

41
Q

Vesicle formation

A

Molecule of interest comes across a cell membrane
- V-snare - vesicle snare protein
- Transmembrane cargo protein
→ The interaction of these proteins allows for the transmembrane cargo protein to initiate the invagination of the cell membrane
- The molecule sits in troph
- The transmembrane cargo protein attaches to the molecule and pulls it deeper into the troph
- This generates a vesicle
- The vesicle is coated by coat proteins when it is nearly ready
- The completion of the coating allows for scission to occur
- Scission cuts the troph from the cell membrane, creating an independent vesicle
- Vesicle is transported to the basal side of the cell - tethering of the vesicle causes T-Snare protein to attract it to the basal side of the membrane
- Docking - vesicle comes in contact to the membrane
- Fusion of vesicle with the cell membrane
→ EXOCYTOSIS

42
Q

Cell-signalling

A

Transmembrane receptor on cell membrane
- When molecule comes into contact with it, it is activated
-Activation leads to movement of the G-protein to enzyme Adenylyl cyclase
-Adenine cyclase helps break down ATP to cycling AMP (cAMP)
-This releases energy and acts as a second messenger which activates an enzyme called PK-A
-Producers an effect

Molecule comes into contact with transmembrane receptor
-The alpha beta gamma chains → alpha chain moves to enzyme system called Phospho-lipase C
-This activates two enzymatic pathways → DAG and PK-C
-This activates IP3 - this acts on membrane receptors in RER
-Calcium channels are activated and move into the cytosol of the cell
-Calcium activates other things and creates an effect

43
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Moves chromosomes during cell division
- two centrioles in the mitotic spindle located at each opposite pole of the spindle
- Microtubules radiator away from the centre towards the metaphase plate
- Kinetochore attaches to the chromosomes

44
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Responsible to bring the structure back to the original shape

45
Q

Fibronectin

A

Links cells to the other EC matrix components

BIOL1040! (5 decks)

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