module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
the probability that an adverse health event will occur in individual or population
A
risk
2
Q
the likelihood of developing a disease
A
risk
3
Q
prediction of the future course of a disease after onset
A
prognosis
4
Q
associated with disease outcome
A
prognosis
5
Q
indicates the course the disease takes once it has already developed
A
prognosis
6
Q
the term used for risk science
A
risk analysis
7
Q
4 elements of risk science:
A
assessment/evaluation, Communication, Perception, Management
8
Q
attempts to determine the risk factors and magnitude of risk
A
risk assessment
9
Q
steps for risk assessment
A
1) risk characterization 2) hazard identification (determine exposure) 3) dose-response (amount) 4)exposure assessment (frequency, duration)
10
Q
common risk factor categories
A
biologic, behavioral/lifestyle, stressors, environmental, also (modifiable and nonmodifiable)
11
Q
determines the potential of a risk agent to cause health concerns in humans
A
human risk assessment
12
Q
attempts to determine the who, what, and where of the risk
A
human risk assessment
13
Q
measures the potential of a risk agent to HUMANS AND ALL LIVING ORGANISMS in the environment
A
ecological risk assessment
14
Q
steps for a workplace risk assessment
A
1) determine potential hazards 2) assess the level of risk and implement actions 3)document findings and outcomes 4) determine areas for quality improvement
15
Q
evaluates the threatening nature of a hazardous waste site to humans and the environment
A
superfund site
16
Q
purpose of a superfund site
A
to determine a safe level for each potentially dangerous contaminant present at the superfund site
17
Q
informs people about the potential hazard exposure to their person, property, and community
A
risk communication
18
Q
process of determining how to protect the public
A
risk management
19
Q
measures the association between an exposure and the risk of developing an adverse health outcome
A
relative and attributable risk
20
Q
the ratio of the incidence of a group with the exposure : to the incidence of the group without the exposure
A
relative risk (Risk ratio (RR)
21
Q
risk ratio = 1
A
the same risk in both groups
22
Q
risk ratio >1
A
increased risk for the exposed group compared to non-exposed
23
Q
risk ratio <1
A
decreased risk for the exposed group compared to non-exposed
24
Q
a portion of the incidence of a disease in the exposed group that is associated with an exposure
A
attributable risk (risk difference)
25
supports the EPA mission to protect human and environmental health by identifying and characterizing health hazards of CHEMICALS in the environment
Intergrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
26
provides toxicity values for health effects resulting from Chemical Exposures AND cancer descriptors for chemical agents
IRIS
27
IRIS abbreviations
Rfc (reference concentration), Rfd (reference dose), ODF (oral slope factor), IUR (inhalation unit risk)
28
A basic science of medical practice that informs diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic clinical decisions related to individual healthcare
clinical epidemiology
29
Broadens the scope of clinical epi to include various types of healthcare settings (not limited to the acute care setting)
healthcare epidemiology
30
Historically focused on infectious disease epidemiology in the hospital and nosocomial infections
healthcare epidemiology
31
Was responsible for the development of patient safety programs and occupational health programs in collaboration with employee health
healthcare epidemiology
32
Infection acquired during hospitalization (was not present or incubating at admission time), or becomes evident AFTER discharge or newborn infection, which is the result of exposure during delivery
Nosocomial infections (healthcare aquired infection (HAI))
33
the standard time for HAI classificaiton
48 hours (2 days)
34
healthcare epidemiology surveillance system must include:
1) goals and objectives 2) standardized cause definitions 3) valid and reliable tools/instruments to collect data 4) established and consistent formulas for calcuations of rates
35
healthcare epidemiologist in incideicent management responsibilites:
preparedness
mitigation
response
recovery
future prevention
36
generated from sensitivity surveillance systems ;goal is to estimate the proportion of selected bacteria that are resistant to abx
antibiogram
37
constructed collaboratively between healthcare epidemiologist and clinical lab professional
antibiogram
38
applies epidemiological principles and methods to healthcare problems encountered within a primary care practice setting that includes but is not limited to disease etiology, diagnosis, and all levels of prevention
primary care epidemiology
39
must include research evidence, clinical expertise and experience, nonresearch-based evidence, and patient expectations, values, and need
EBP healthcare
40
Have been historical public health indicators of a population’s health status
reproductive and maternal health
41
factors of reproductive health epidemiology rates
impact, outcome, process
42
reflects changes in primary health event expressed as morbidity and mortality
impact indicators
43
represents changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, or availability of services resultsing from reproductive organs
outcome indicators
44
assess the actions taken and implemented to achieve the expected programmatic outcomes
process indicators
45
measures risk of death due to pregnancy
Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
46
ICD 10 classifies maternal mortality as the death of a woman to
pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum
47
the association of a risk factor and the prescence of a disease
causation
48
relationship between 2 variables
association
49
what is causation determined using?
Bradford Hill Criteria
50
epidemiologic framework from which to determine a casual relationship between an etiologic agent exposure and the disease condition
bradford hill criteria
51
what are the 9 criteria for causations?
1. strength of association
2. consistency
3. specificity
4. temporal sequence
5. biological gradient
6. coherence
7. biological plausability
8. experiment
9. analogy
52
Inferring whether an association is causal is KEY to the use of epidemiologic findings in primary prevention and other interventions that aim at modifying the probability of the outcomes of interest
casualty to public healtha and health policy
53
what are the 3 causes of Rothman's causality model?
component, necessary, sufficient
54
Encompasses the broad policy area of individuals, groups, aggregate, community or population-level health
health policy
55
types of health policy
distributive, instiutional, legal, organizational, public, public health, redistributive, regulatory, social
56
CDC policy process model
1) problem identification
2) policy analysis
3) strategy and policy development
4) policy enactment
5) Policy implementation
57
what are the 4 steps in problem analysis?
1) sensing
2) problem search
3) problem ID
4) problem specification
58
Systematic documentation of key aspects of performance that indicates the program is functioning as intended or in accordance with planned activities
monitoring
59
Data to render a judgment about whether a program has achieved the expected outcomes
Systematic, empirical assessment of the effects developed from the policy
policy evaluation
60
uses for epidemiologic data
research, EBP, quality improvement
61
Quality Improvement Model
PLAN DO STUDY ACT (PDSA)
62
focuses on using a data-driven systematic approach to improve specific system issues, processes, cost, productivity, and quality outcomes
quality improvement model
63
the study of nature and justification of principles that guide individuals to act in a moral manner consistent with society’s customs, values, beliefs, and norms
epidemiologic ethics
64
the values and standards developed by a professional or discipline over a period of time that identifies the salient and inherent varies of the profession or discipline
professional ethics
65
Belmont Report
1) respect for persons
2) beneficence
3) justice
66
Examines how social factors impact the health of individuals and between and within populations
social epidemiology
67
Defined as the unequal distribution of goods, services, and opportunities within a population or society
social inequality
68
measures associated with social inequality
Social deprivation, social exclusion, social class, socioeconomic position
69
A person’s position in the social hierarchy
Socioeconomic Status
70
The interconnectedness of individuals within a relationship dynamic
social relationships
71
3 major components of social relationships
1. degree of integration into social networks
2. social interactions that are supportive (received)
3) beliefs and perceptions about the availability of support (perceived)
72
Social structures that an individual possesses that act as a resource for the individual to facilitate some opportunity or action
social capital
73
The social aspects of the work environment create opportunities and stressors
work stress
74
Observable differences in health among individuals of different social groups or strata
health inequality
75
A way to categorize social variables explored by social epidemiologists
sociostructural factors
76
Most behaviors are considered socially patterned and cluster in similar groups within the population
social contact of behavior
77
Integrates social, historical, ecological, and biological aspects of health into the determinants of population distribution of disease
Ecosocial theory of disease distribution
78
“Who and what is responsible for the patterns of health, disease, and well-being in a population related to the present, past, and changing social health inequalities”
ecosocial theory of disease distribution
79
Aggregation of 2 or more concurrent or sequential epidemics clustering in a population in which there is the interaction of disease burden and interaction with social forces and conditions
syndemic
80
Focuses on the etiology, distribution, and control of diseases in groups of genetically related individuals and those with inherited genetic diseases
genetic epidemiology
81
genetic testing is what levels of prevention?
secondary prevention
82
Examines the genetic etiology of a person’s unusual response to a therapeutic drug
pharmacogenetics
83
Examines the linkage between genetic differences in a population to drug responses
pharmacogenomics
84
The study of health-related conditions or diseases in specific populations that are influenced by physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial factors in the environment
environmental epidemiology
85
Quantitative assessment of risk associated with a specific level of exposure to substance or agent in the population
risk assessment
86
Concerned with the determination of the distribution and determinants of health, illness, and risk factors within the occupational environment
occupational epidemiology
87
USA agency with the responsibility to improve worker safety and health protection
OSHA (Occupational safety and health administration)
88
Responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injuries and illness
NIOSH
89
Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI) and non-fatal occupational injuries; Provides data on the fatal injury, occupation, equipment involved, circumstances, and other work characteristics.
Occupational Injuries Data 2019
90
purpose of the occupational injuries data census
1. inform works of life-threatening hazards 2. promote safer work environment with job safety training 3. assess and improve workplace safety standards 4. ID areas for safety research
91
