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Epidemiology > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

the probability that an adverse health event will occur in individual or population

A

risk

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2
Q

the likelihood of developing a disease

A

risk

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3
Q

prediction of the future course of a disease after onset

A

prognosis

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4
Q

associated with disease outcome

A

prognosis

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5
Q

indicates the course the disease takes once it has already developed

A

prognosis

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6
Q

the term used for risk science

A

risk analysis

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7
Q

4 elements of risk science:

A

assessment/evaluation, Communication, Perception, Management

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8
Q

attempts to determine the risk factors and magnitude of risk

A

risk assessment

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9
Q

steps for risk assessment

A

1) risk characterization 2) hazard identification (determine exposure) 3) dose-response (amount) 4)exposure assessment (frequency, duration)

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10
Q

common risk factor categories

A

biologic, behavioral/lifestyle, stressors, environmental, also (modifiable and nonmodifiable)

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11
Q

determines the potential of a risk agent to cause health concerns in humans

A

human risk assessment

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12
Q

attempts to determine the who, what, and where of the risk

A

human risk assessment

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13
Q

measures the potential of a risk agent to HUMANS AND ALL LIVING ORGANISMS in the environment

A

ecological risk assessment

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14
Q

steps for a workplace risk assessment

A

1) determine potential hazards 2) assess the level of risk and implement actions 3)document findings and outcomes 4) determine areas for quality improvement

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15
Q

evaluates the threatening nature of a hazardous waste site to humans and the environment

A

superfund site

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16
Q

purpose of a superfund site

A

to determine a safe level for each potentially dangerous contaminant present at the superfund site

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17
Q

informs people about the potential hazard exposure to their person, property, and community

A

risk communication

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18
Q

process of determining how to protect the public

A

risk management

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19
Q

measures the association between an exposure and the risk of developing an adverse health outcome

A

relative and attributable risk

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20
Q

the ratio of the incidence of a group with the exposure : to the incidence of the group without the exposure

A

relative risk (Risk ratio (RR)

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21
Q

risk ratio = 1

A

the same risk in both groups

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22
Q

risk ratio >1

A

increased risk for the exposed group compared to non-exposed

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23
Q

risk ratio <1

A

decreased risk for the exposed group compared to non-exposed

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24
Q

a portion of the incidence of a disease in the exposed group that is associated with an exposure

A

attributable risk (risk difference)

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25
Q

supports the EPA mission to protect human and environmental health by identifying and characterizing health hazards of CHEMICALS in the environment

A

Intergrated Risk Information System (IRIS)

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26
Q

provides toxicity values for health effects resulting from Chemical Exposures AND cancer descriptors for chemical agents

A

IRIS

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27
Q

IRIS abbreviations

A

Rfc (reference concentration), Rfd (reference dose), ODF (oral slope factor), IUR (inhalation unit risk)

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28
Q

A basic science of medical practice that informs diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic clinical decisions related to individual healthcare

A

clinical epidemiology

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29
Q

Broadens the scope of clinical epi to include various types of healthcare settings (not limited to the acute care setting)

A

healthcare epidemiology

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30
Q

Historically focused on infectious disease epidemiology in the hospital and nosocomial infections

A

healthcare epidemiology

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31
Q

Was responsible for the development of patient safety programs and occupational health programs in collaboration with employee health

A

healthcare epidemiology

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32
Q

Infection acquired during hospitalization (was not present or incubating at admission time), or becomes evident AFTER discharge or newborn infection, which is the result of exposure during delivery

A

Nosocomial infections (healthcare aquired infection (HAI))

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33
Q

the standard time for HAI classificaiton

A

48 hours (2 days)

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34
Q

healthcare epidemiology surveillance system must include:

A

1) goals and objectives 2) standardized cause definitions 3) valid and reliable tools/instruments to collect data 4) established and consistent formulas for calcuations of rates

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35
Q

healthcare epidemiologist in incideicent management responsibilites:

A

preparedness
mitigation
response
recovery
future prevention

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36
Q

generated from sensitivity surveillance systems ;goal is to estimate the proportion of selected bacteria that are resistant to abx

A

antibiogram

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37
Q

constructed collaboratively between healthcare epidemiologist and clinical lab professional

A

antibiogram

38
Q

applies epidemiological principles and methods to healthcare problems encountered within a primary care practice setting that includes but is not limited to disease etiology, diagnosis, and all levels of prevention

A

primary care epidemiology

39
Q

must include research evidence, clinical expertise and experience, nonresearch-based evidence, and patient expectations, values, and need

A

EBP healthcare

40
Q

Have been historical public health indicators of a population’s health status

A

reproductive and maternal health

41
Q

factors of reproductive health epidemiology rates

A

impact, outcome, process

42
Q

reflects changes in primary health event expressed as morbidity and mortality

A

impact indicators

43
Q

represents changes in knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors, or availability of services resultsing from reproductive organs

A

outcome indicators

44
Q

assess the actions taken and implemented to achieve the expected programmatic outcomes

A

process indicators

45
Q

measures risk of death due to pregnancy

A

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)

46
Q

ICD 10 classifies maternal mortality as the death of a woman to

A

pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum

47
Q

the association of a risk factor and the prescence of a disease

A

causation

48
Q

relationship between 2 variables

A

association

49
Q

what is causation determined using?

A

Bradford Hill Criteria

50
Q

epidemiologic framework from which to determine a casual relationship between an etiologic agent exposure and the disease condition

A

bradford hill criteria

51
Q

what are the 9 criteria for causations?

A
  1. strength of association
  2. consistency
  3. specificity
  4. temporal sequence
  5. biological gradient
  6. coherence
  7. biological plausability
  8. experiment
  9. analogy
52
Q

Inferring whether an association is causal is KEY to the use of epidemiologic findings in primary prevention and other interventions that aim at modifying the probability of the outcomes of interest

A

casualty to public healtha and health policy

53
Q

what are the 3 causes of Rothman’s causality model?

A

component, necessary, sufficient

54
Q

Encompasses the broad policy area of individuals, groups, aggregate, community or population-level health

A

health policy

55
Q

types of health policy

A

distributive, instiutional, legal, organizational, public, public health, redistributive, regulatory, social

56
Q

CDC policy process model

A

1) problem identification
2) policy analysis
3) strategy and policy development
4) policy enactment
5) Policy implementation

57
Q

what are the 4 steps in problem analysis?

A

1) sensing
2) problem search
3) problem ID
4) problem specification

58
Q

Systematic documentation of key aspects of performance that indicates the program is functioning as intended or in accordance with planned activities

A

monitoring

59
Q

Data to render a judgment about whether a program has achieved the expected outcomes
Systematic, empirical assessment of the effects developed from the policy

A

policy evaluation

60
Q

uses for epidemiologic data

A

research, EBP, quality improvement

61
Q

Quality Improvement Model

A

PLAN DO STUDY ACT (PDSA)

62
Q

focuses on using a data-driven systematic approach to improve specific system issues, processes, cost, productivity, and quality outcomes

A

quality improvement model

63
Q

the study of nature and justification of principles that guide individuals to act in a moral manner consistent with society’s customs, values, beliefs, and norms

A

epidemiologic ethics

64
Q

the values and standards developed by a professional or discipline over a period of time that identifies the salient and inherent varies of the profession or discipline

A

professional ethics

65
Q

Belmont Report

A

1) respect for persons
2) beneficence
3) justice

66
Q

Examines how social factors impact the health of individuals and between and within populations

A

social epidemiology

67
Q

Defined as the unequal distribution of goods, services, and opportunities within a population or society

A

social inequality

68
Q

measures associated with social inequality

A

Social deprivation, social exclusion, social class, socioeconomic position

69
Q

A person’s position in the social hierarchy

A

Socioeconomic Status

70
Q

The interconnectedness of individuals within a relationship dynamic

A

social relationships

71
Q

3 major components of social relationships

A
  1. degree of integration into social networks
  2. social interactions that are supportive (received)
    3) beliefs and perceptions about the availability of support (perceived)
72
Q

Social structures that an individual possesses that act as a resource for the individual to facilitate some opportunity or action

A

social capital

73
Q

The social aspects of the work environment create opportunities and stressors

A

work stress

74
Q

Observable differences in health among individuals of different social groups or strata

A

health inequality

75
Q

A way to categorize social variables explored by social epidemiologists

A

sociostructural factors

76
Q

Most behaviors are considered socially patterned and cluster in similar groups within the population

A

social contact of behavior

77
Q

Integrates social, historical, ecological, and biological aspects of health into the determinants of population distribution of disease

A

Ecosocial theory of disease distribution

78
Q

“Who and what is responsible for the patterns of health, disease, and well-being in a population related to the present, past, and changing social health inequalities”

A

ecosocial theory of disease distribution

79
Q

Aggregation of 2 or more concurrent or sequential epidemics clustering in a population in which there is the interaction of disease burden and interaction with social forces and conditions

A

syndemic

80
Q

Focuses on the etiology, distribution, and control of diseases in groups of genetically related individuals and those with inherited genetic diseases

A

genetic epidemiology

81
Q

genetic testing is what levels of prevention?

A

secondary prevention

82
Q

Examines the genetic etiology of a person’s unusual response to a therapeutic drug

A

pharmacogenetics

83
Q

Examines the linkage between genetic differences in a population to drug responses

A

pharmacogenomics

84
Q

The study of health-related conditions or diseases in specific populations that are influenced by physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial factors in the environment

A

environmental epidemiology

85
Q

Quantitative assessment of risk associated with a specific level of exposure to substance or agent in the population

A

risk assessment

86
Q

Concerned with the determination of the distribution and determinants of health, illness, and risk factors within the occupational environment

A

occupational epidemiology

87
Q

USA agency with the responsibility to improve worker safety and health protection

A

OSHA (Occupational safety and health administration)

88
Q

Responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injuries and illness

A

NIOSH

89
Q

Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of fatal occupational injuries (CFOI) and non-fatal occupational injuries; Provides data on the fatal injury, occupation, equipment involved, circumstances, and other work characteristics.

A

Occupational Injuries Data 2019

90
Q

purpose of the occupational injuries data census

A
  1. inform works of life-threatening hazards 2. promote safer work environment with job safety training 3. assess and improve workplace safety standards 4. ID areas for safety research
91
Q
A

Epidemiology (3 decks)

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