module 5

Question 1

how long ago did earth form

Answer 1

4.6 billion years ago

Question 2

why was it inhospitable?

Answer 2

-too hot
-meterors and lightining
-volcanoe gases

Question 3

how long ago did earch cool down?
and what were the important changes?

Answer 3

answer 1: about 3.5 billion years ago

answer 2:
-volcanic gases disipated
-no o2 only lots of co2
-cooling allowed water to form and other stuff

Question 4

what are the 4 main EONS to present day

Answer 4

hayden [precambrian supereon]
-oceans began to form

archean [precambrian supereon]
-land raised up

proterozoic [precambrian supereon]
-more land forming

phanerozoic

Question 5

what 3 ERAs make up phanerozoic?

Answer 5

1. paleozoic
2. mesozoic
3. cenozoic

Question 6

what are the key molecules and macromolecules that all living cells contain?

Answer 6

-DNA
-RNA
-protiens

Question 7

“abiogenesis”

Answer 7

origin of life

Question 8

where did life begin?

Answer 8

in the oceans

Question 9

what 4 thing was needed to form a living cell?

Answer 9

1. organic molecules
2. nucleotides and amino acids polymerized
3. polymers became enclosed in membranes
4. protobionts evolved cell properites

Question 10

what are some hypothesis’ that explain the origin of life (step 1 in recipe)

Answer 10

1. extraterrestrail
2. reducing hypothesis (didnt form life)
   -urey and millar
3. deep sea vents
   -pressure bomb experiment
   - GUNTER

Question 11

was the black smoker system or lost city system better for first life

Answer 11

lost city (white smokers) was more suitable

Question 12

what did Oparin and Haldane propose in 1920’s

Answer 12

organic molecules spontaneously formed
[primordial soup]

Question 13

(step 2 in recipe) how did nucleotides and amino acids become polymerized?

Answer 13

monomer (nucleic acids) —-> polymerized

*happend using clay cuz no enzymes

Question 14

(step 3 in recipe) polymers become enclosed in membranes

Answer 14

polymers become enclosed in membranes

examples that could natuarally occur
-coacervates (with water)
- microspheres (protien membranes)
- liposomes (lipid membranes)

Question 15

what is a photobiont

Answer 15

first non living thing enclosed with organic molecules [precusor to life]

Question 16

(step 4 in reciepe) membrane bound polymers acquire cellular properties

Answer 16

formation of dna and rna in photobionts

Question 17

anaerobic heterotrouphs

Answer 17

first prokaryotes 4 billion years ago

metabolized organic molecules by fermentation or methogenesis

Question 18

anaerobic chemoautotrouphs

Answer 18

uses redox reactions with things like sulfur to reduce CO2

Question 19

anaerobic photoautotrouphs

Answer 19

uses photons and suflur to reduce CO2

Question 20

aerobic photoautotrouphs

Answer 20

now that water is available it uses photons and uses H2O as the last electron donor

Question 21

what is evidence of cyanobacteria dominating the oceans?

Answer 21

1. cyanobacteria grow in large mats and create layers of CaCO3 and sediment
2. as successive layers are deposited, more cyanobacteria grow beyond each layer to reach sunlight
3. STROMATOLITES: found in hyper-saline environements

Question 22

what are stromatolites

Answer 22

vertically layered mats of cyanobacteria

Question 23

why is multicelluar an advantge

Answer 23

endosymbyosis

Question 24

LUCA

Answer 24

last universal common ancestor

Question 25

what are the 8 major transitions in evolution since the begining of earth

Answer 25

-compartments of molecules
-chromosomes
-DNA and Enzymes
-Prokaryotes –> eukaryotes
-sexual populations
-multicellular organisms
-colonies
-society and language

Question 26

which EON did eukaryotes and multicellualr life arise

Answer 26

Proterozoic

Question 27

how many groups are protists divided into

Answer 27

7

Question 28

true or false. land plants evolved from charophytes

Answer 28

true

Question 29

Cambrian explosion

Answer 29

evolutions ‘big bang’

warm and wet climate
o2 levels rise
lasted 25 million years

Question 30

Burgess shale

Answer 30

a place where fossils were found from the camrain explosion. evidence of life in the cambrian period

Question 31

what period did fungi get to land from auatic

Answer 31

devonian

Question 32

what period did fish evolve and what period did they become more diverse?

Answer 32

-cambrian

-devonian

Question 33

what are the the environmental challenges for living on land?

Answer 33

1. obtaining water
2. preventing water loss
3. obtaining suffecient energy
4. coping with temperatures
5. support own weight

Question 34

what are tetrapods

Answer 34

vertebrates with rwo pairs of legs as opposed to fins