module 4 (part 1)

Question 1

what is a species?

Question 2

idea of evolution came from who

Answer 2

charles darwin “the mystery of mysteries”

Question 3

Sir John Herchel

Answer 3

philosopher

Question 4

Early Ideas on the origin of life

Answer 4

-stronly influenced by religion and philosophy
-a supernatural god created each type of organism at the beginning of time
-all modern organisms are unchanged descendants of their ancestors

Question 5

Who said “Fixity of species”

Answer 5

Plato

-all modern organisms are unchanged descendants of their ancestors

Question 6

Who else veiwed “Fixity of species”?

Answer 6

Aristotle

he viewed species as fixed
and changes were just imperfections

Question 7

how long was “FIxity of Species” belived

Answer 7

2000 years

until 18-19 century

Question 8

Carolus Linneaus

Answer 8

binomial classification

Question 9

Georges Cuvier

Answer 9

father of palentology
father of fossils (wrote a paper on Irish Elk)

Question 10

what is a fossil

Answer 10

any trace of that an organism has lived in the past

Question 11

extinct species

Answer 11

no longer exist

Question 12

fossil record

Answer 12

all fossils found and described in the scientific literature

the docturine saif that no organism had ever become extinct but Cuvier proved it wrong later

Question 13

What is some evidence of “Fixity of Species”?

Answer 13

Napoleons army raided tombs and found mummified animals that they sent to paris

dissections showed the cats were identical to modern cats, but this was only a time frame of 1000 years. evolution takes longer
but there was an idea that earth was only 6000 years old, so the time frame matched the teachings

Question 14

Late 1700’s which small group of naturalists began to quietly suggest species arent “Fixed”?

Answer 14

a. George-Louis Leclerc
b. Erasmus Darwin
c. Jean-Baptist Lamarck

Question 15

why did the small group question “Fixity of species”?

Answer 15

there were so many diverse fauna and flora in other parts of the world

Georges-Louis Leclerc:
-noticed too many factors of change like migration, geographical isolation, overcrowding, struggle for existance
-he rejected the idea of evolution, but low-key looked into it on Volume 44 of natural history book

Erasmus Darwin:
-poet/amature scientist
-believed that evolution had occured
-he was aware that modern species werwe different from fossils
-but didnt know the cause of evolution

Jean-baptist Lamarck:
-french zoologist
-intimate relation between variation and evolution
-realized that organisms aquired traits that were passed down

Question 16

Baron Georges Cuvier

Answer 16

founder of palentology

-found specie fossils that dont exist today
-proposed that they were killed off by multipul catastrophies (extinctions)(noas arc)

-different layers has different organisms that were in order, not random
-But he had no real explaination for this

Question 17

Charles Darwin

Answer 17

our ideas today on evolution come from Charels Darwin

*proposed millions of yrs ago species arose from pre-existing species by process of “decent with morphication”

-he was a “Companion” on the 5 year voyage on the BEAGLE around the world and became the “Naturalist” later (Syms Convington became his notetaker.

His GOALS on the trip:
1. investigate geology and marine invertebrates
2. collect species new to science

WHAT HAPPENED?

1. earth quake in Santa Maria (CHILE) reveled layers of fossils. Darwin remembered what Charels Lyell said, earth is millions of years old. So there was time for evolution
2. -DARWIN found that there was lots of diversity. He comapired marine iguanas and horned frog to land iguanas, blue-footed boobies, galapagos penguins, streamer ducks, and many more.
   -HE found many fossils that suggested extinction, and the changes in fossils over time. The Greater Rhea and Lesser Rhea were similar. He questioned if they could have decended from the same common ancestor
   -HE found 15 races of turtles
   Suttle back (curved shell) and Dome Shape
   Darwin thought that variation was key
   -HE found finches that had different abilites too
3. *visited COCOS (keeling) Islands
   - 20 spp. of plants
   - 1 spp of lizard
   - no land birds here or native mammals
   - 13 spp of insects (1 bettle)

HE RETURNS HOME–> everyones the bird fossils esspicially will help develope their theories

Question 18

Uniformitarism

Answer 18

proposed by James Hutton and promoted by Charels Lyell

“the present is the key to the past”

1. law of physics and chemistry remain the smae
2. natural processes which acted in the past will continue to act (biology contiues to change)

Charles Lyell argued against the Church saying the earth is millions of year old!

Question 19

Prof. Richard Owen

Answer 19

Owen used Charles Darwins info to identify 3 animals

1. Toxodon platensis
   - earilest evidence of an extinct hoof animal
   - resembled a giant Capybara
2. Macrauchenia patachonica
   - feet resembled rhino
   -morphologically similar to llama
   -no living relatives (belongs to extinct group)
3. Glyptodon
   - giant armadillo
   - raised the question: if created seperatly, why would both living and extinct forms be restricted to the same area?

Darwin - it made more sense that one arose from the other (armadillo evolved from Glypotdon)

Question 20

John Gould

Answer 20

found that Darwins Birds he brough back were all differnt species of mockingbird

*there was a different type for wach island
*this was evidnece for a common ancestor

Question 21

Malthus

Answer 21

theory that human population will outgrow food supply: people die and compete for resources (the weak die)

this teory helped darwin realize that the adaptations of the mockingbirds helped the strong survive: called it: “natural selection among Variant offspring”

Question 22

Keys to darwins theory of “Natural Selection”

Answer 22

Observation 1 - for any species, population size would increase exponentailly.

Observation 2 - notheless, populations tend to remain stabel in size, except seasonal fluctuations

Observation 3 - resources are limited

**Inference: too many means harder to survive

Observation 4 - members of a population vary intheir characteristics

Observation 5 - much of this variation is heritable

**Inference 2 - survival depends to the inherited traits

**Inference 3 - the ones without the good traits will die, leading to gradual changes summing over generations

Question 23

who was Alfred Russel Wallace and what was in his letter?

Answer 23

agreed with Darwins theory, so Drawin published “The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection”

The book went against all religion so Darwin got lots of Hate.

Thomas Henry Huxley Defended Darwin because he thought his ideas were compelling

Darwins theory was accepted 1860s and universally accepted 1940s

Question 24

difference between Batesian mimicry and Mullerian mimicry

Answer 24

Batesian mimicry - edible food looks non-edible

mullerian mimicry - color to avoid preditors