Module 5 Flashcards
The most important metals currently used in packaging are
steel, tin, and aluminum
the first metal used for packaging
Gold
was in use more than 1,000 years ago in areas as diverse as the Middle East, China, Korea, and Japan.
Bronze
not used for packaging except as bearings, gears, and similar components of packaging machinery.
Bronze
was widely used for packaging applications 300-500 years ago, and it was still in common use 50 years ago
Lead
like gold, is a soft metal that is not subject to corrosion
Lead
Lead foil applications
• was used to waterproof the wooden chests used to transport tea from Asia to the United States and Western Europe
• was for waterproofing cigarette packs during World War II.
lead has one huge disadvantage:
Lead is toxic to the human brain and nervous system. The effects are particularly sever on children.
is made from iron by purification, controlling the carbon content, and adding other materials to make alloys
Steel
The steel used for packaging generally has a carbon content of
0.1-1.5 percent
The most common form of steel packaging is
the ordinary three-piece metal can
is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust, and the third most abundant element on earth, after oxygen and silicon.
Aluminum
A confectioner (candy dealer) in Paris, successfully invented a “sealed cooking” process to preserve fruit.
In 1809, Nicholas Appert
developed a process to make metal cans for canning food.
In 1810, Peter Durand, in England
Two other Englishmen, ______, used Durand’s cans to develop the food canning process further
Donkin and Hall
Tin-plated steel cans are often simply called
Tin cans
The tin coating is only _____ thick
0.000015 inch
The original method for applying tin
hot dipping the steel piece into molten tin
The second method for applying tin, _______, allows more precise control of the deposition of tin onto the steel.
Electroplating
Three types of tin-free steel have been developed in recent years:
- Chemically passivated steel, which has a phosphatechromatefilm on the surface.
- Chrome-coated steel with a layer of chromium oxide over the metallic chromium.
- Aluminum-coated steel.
The basic approach was to make the sidewalls thinner
Necking Down
There are two types of cans in general use:
three-piece cans and two-piece cans
A three-piece can consists of three parts
one cylindrical shell (can body) and two ends (top and
bottom)
As the ends of the metal are brought together, an electrical current is applied to the joint to heat and fuse the ends of the metal together
Welding
For some dry products and no-food products, the side seam can be cemented (glued) together
Adhesive
the ends of the metal are bent into “hooks,” which engage each
other. The hooks are then flattened to form the side seam
Solder
A two-piece can, as the name implies, consists of two parts:
• One body
• One top end
The major advantage of two-piece cans is
the elimination of the side seam and one of the end seams
The majority of two piece cans are made of
aluminum and used for beverage
is used to make cans whose height is less than their diameter. Such cans are often used for tuna, chicken, pet food, and similar products.
The draw process
is used almost exclusively to make cans for beer and other carbonated beverages. The internal pressure of the carbonated beverage gives the cans rigidity and stacking strength.
The draw and iron process
In the ______, the gauge of the bottom and side wall of the finished container is
essentially the same as the starting gauge of the metal sheet.
draw-redraw process
is a thin sheet of metal, provided in sheets or rolls
Foil
is considered to be the ultimate flexible packaging barrier material, far superior to any plastic or paper, where protection from moisture or oxygen is required.
Aluminum foil
Aluminum foil is available in thickness ranging from
0.00017 in. to 0.0059 in.
provides the attractive appearance of metal foil at a lower cost
Metalized film
The straight-sided steel drum was first introduced in
1907
Steel drums are made in two different styles
tight head and open head
usually have two flanged, screw thread openings at opposite sides of the head of the drum, or one opening in the head and another in the middle of the body on the opposite side.
Tight head drums
have a loose cover with a gasket that makes a tight seal against the rim of the drum.
Open head drums
Metal tubes are usually made of
aluminum
Its main advantage is that it stays pressed or “collapsed” when squeezed
Metal tubes
are applied to cans and bottles to provide a means of closing and sealing the packaging and subsequently, a means of opening the package and dispensing the contents.
Metal closures
There are several common types of metal closures
screw caps, vacuum closures, and foil lidding. A common closure is the crown cap used in soda bottles.
is used to bind multiple items together into a larger unit load for handling.
Strapping
Common applications of strapping
palletizing newly manufactured bottles or metal cans for shipment to the filling plant.
